Increased water absorption
(Jakobson, 1995)
Growth hormones (Barea and AzconAnguilar, 1982)
Reduction in soil erosion (Miller and
Jastrow, 1992)
More tolerance to drought
(RuizLozano et al., 1999;
Sanchez-Diaz and Honrubia,
1994)
Compensation of pH (Sylvia and
Williams, 1990)
Enhanced activity of enzymes (RuizLozano et al., 1996b)
Maintain salinity (Quilambo , 2003)
Reduced percentage of disease
occurrence, (Kernaghan et al.,
2002)
Increased survival of seedlings
(Entry et al., 2002; Gehring et al.,
1998)
Increased Crops quality (Liu et
al., 2002)
Increased yields, flowering,
fruiting (Verma and Jamaluddin
1994)
Accumulation and Immobilization
of heavy metal (Barea et al., 1995;
Yang et al., 2015; Garg and
Bhandari, 2014)
Stabilize and aggregate soil
(Caravaca et al. 2002)
Increased production of Growth
hormone (Verma and Verma,
2016)
Immobile P (George et al., 1994); Zn
(George et al., 1996); Cu (Liu et al.,
2002); N, K (Kumar et al., 1992;53) .
Increased photosynthetic activity
(Dell-Amico et al., 2002)
Osmotic adjustment (Augé et al.,
1986) Changes in cell-wall
elasticity (Sanchez-Diaz and
Honrubia, 1994)
Maintain biogeochemical element
cycling (Jeffries, 1997)
VAM Root Colonization
VAM Spore
Arbuscule in
root
Fig. 6.3
Role of VAM fungi
162
P. Verma et al.