concentration. Metal accumulating capacity is not depended on trophic level
(Straalen et al. 2001). Primary producer first consumes heavy metal and then
accumulates in invertebrates that live in soils (Schipper et al. 1996). In ecotoxicological studies, invertebrates are mostly used due to their distribution, diversity,
abundance, play important role in biogeochemical cycle, represent first tropic level,
and close contact with soils (Heikens et al. 2001; Zaitsev and Straalen 2001;
Migliorini et al. 2004). For example, Gramigni et al. (2013) recorded toxic heavy
metal (Zn, Ni, Mn, Cd, and Pb) accumulated in ants (Crematogaster scutellaris)
intestines, Zn accumulated specifically in Malpighi tubules, and low Zn concentrations were found in fat tissue. Heavy metals are accumulated at specific target organ
in invertebrate. Spiders (P. amentata, L. triangularis, M. segmentata, A. diadematus,
and A. marmoreus) had higher bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, and Cd) in
their hepatopancreas and gonads (Wilczek and Babczyńska 2000). Some other
heavy metals like Ni, Pb, and Cd did not bioaccumulate specifically in target organs.
Some related data are shown in Table 6.3.
6.2 Remediation Techniques
Remediation is defined in terms of procedures used to clean up, mitigate, or avoid to
release pollutant into the environment in order to protect animals and plants
(Marques et al. 2009). Nowadays, many types of remediation techniques and
approaches are available. But the selection of remediation approaches depends on
the physical properties of soil, type of contaminant, feasibility of contaminant
isolation, handling intensity, economic value, etc. (Wuana and Okieimen 2011).
Hence, on the basis of the above conditions, remediation process is broadly classified
into the following groups.
6.3 Types of Remediation Technology
There are three options where remediation can take place.
6.3.1 On the Basis of Site
In this process, the treatment of contaminated soil or water in the dump site is known
as in situ bioremediation (Abramovitch et al. 1999a, b). The treatment of contaminated soil or water once it has been dug out of the site at which it was present is
known as ex situ bioremediation (Gomes et al. 2013) (Figs. 6.2 and 6.3). In addition,
remediation techniques are also performed as a “singular method approach” or, in
combined with other procedure, as part of a “multiple method approach.”
6 VAM: An Alternate Strategy for Bioremediation of Polluted Environment
159
(Straalen et al. 2001). Primary producer first consumes heavy metal and then
accumulates in invertebrates that live in soils (Schipper et al. 1996). In ecotoxicological studies, invertebrates are mostly used due to their distribution, diversity,
abundance, play important role in biogeochemical cycle, represent first tropic level,
and close contact with soils (Heikens et al. 2001; Zaitsev and Straalen 2001;
Migliorini et al. 2004). For example, Gramigni et al. (2013) recorded toxic heavy
metal (Zn, Ni, Mn, Cd, and Pb) accumulated in ants (Crematogaster scutellaris)
intestines, Zn accumulated specifically in Malpighi tubules, and low Zn concentrations were found in fat tissue. Heavy metals are accumulated at specific target organ
in invertebrate. Spiders (P. amentata, L. triangularis, M. segmentata, A. diadematus,
and A. marmoreus) had higher bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, and Cd) in
their hepatopancreas and gonads (Wilczek and Babczyńska 2000). Some other
heavy metals like Ni, Pb, and Cd did not bioaccumulate specifically in target organs.
Some related data are shown in Table 6.3.
6.2 Remediation Techniques
Remediation is defined in terms of procedures used to clean up, mitigate, or avoid to
release pollutant into the environment in order to protect animals and plants
(Marques et al. 2009). Nowadays, many types of remediation techniques and
approaches are available. But the selection of remediation approaches depends on
the physical properties of soil, type of contaminant, feasibility of contaminant
isolation, handling intensity, economic value, etc. (Wuana and Okieimen 2011).
Hence, on the basis of the above conditions, remediation process is broadly classified
into the following groups.
6.3 Types of Remediation Technology
There are three options where remediation can take place.
6.3.1 On the Basis of Site
In this process, the treatment of contaminated soil or water in the dump site is known
as in situ bioremediation (Abramovitch et al. 1999a, b). The treatment of contaminated soil or water once it has been dug out of the site at which it was present is
known as ex situ bioremediation (Gomes et al. 2013) (Figs. 6.2 and 6.3). In addition,
remediation techniques are also performed as a “singular method approach” or, in
combined with other procedure, as part of a “multiple method approach.”
6 VAM: An Alternate Strategy for Bioremediation of Polluted Environment
159