7 What Have We Learned from GWAS?
183
Voight BF, Scott LJ, Steinthorsdottir V, Morris AP, Dina C, Welch RP, Zeggini E, Huth C,
Aulchenko YS, Thorleifsson G, McCulloch LJ et al (2010) Twelve type 2 diabetes susceptibility
loci identified through large-scale association analysis. Nat Genet 42:579–589
Voight BF, Kang HM, Ding J, Palmer CD, Sidore C, Chines PS, Burtt NP, Fuchsberger C, Li Y,
Erdmann J, Frayling TM, Heid IM, Jackson AU, Johnson T, Kilpeläinen TO, Lindgren CM,
Morris AP, Prokopenko I, Randall JC, Saxena R, Soranzo N, Speliotes EK, Teslovich TM,
Wheeler E, Maguire J, Parkin M, Potter S, Rayner NW, Robertson N, Stirrups K, Winckler
W, Sanna S, Mulas A, Nagaraja R, Cucca F, Barroso I, Deloukas P, Loos RJ, Kathiresan S,
Munroe PB, Newton-Cheh C, Pfeufer A, Samani NJ, Schunkert H, Hirschhorn JN, Altshuler
D, McCarthy MI, Abecasis GR, Boehnke M (2012) The metabochip, a custom genotyping
array for genetic studies of metabolic, cardiovascular, and anthropometric traits. PLoS Genet
8(8):e1002793
Wade N (2009) Genes show limited value in predicting disease. The New York Times. http://www.
nytimes.com/2009/04/16/health/research/16gene.html
Waters KM, Stram DO, Hassanein MT, Le Marchand L, Wilkens LR, Maskarinec G, Monroe KR,
Kolonel LN, Altshuler D, Henderson BE, Haiman CA (2010) Consistent association of type
2 diabetes risk variants found in Europeans in diverse racial and ethnic groups. PLoS Genet
6:e1001078
Weale ME (2010) Quality control for genome-wide association studies. Methods Mol Biol
628:341–372
Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (2007) Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases
of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature 447:661–678
Williams AL, Jacobs SB, Moreno-Macías H, Huerta-Chagoya A, Churchhouse C, Márquez-Luna
C, García-Ortíz H, Gómez-Vázquez MJ, Burtt NP, Aguilar-Salinas CA, González-Villalpando
C, Florez JC, Orozco L, Haiman CA, Tusié-Luna T, Altshuler D, Schizophrenia Psychiatric
Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) Consortium (2011) Genome-wide association study
identifies five new schizophrenia loci. Nat Genet 43:969–976
Wray NR, Purcell SM, Visscher PM (2011) Synthetic associations created by rare variants do not
explain most GWAS results. PLoS Biol 9:e1000579
Yang J, Lee SH, Goddard ME, Visscher PM (2011a) GCTA: a tool for genome-wide complex trait
analysis. Am J Hum Genet 88:76–82
Yang J, Manolio TA, Pasquale LR, Boerwinkle E, Caporaso N, Cunningham JM, de Andrade M,
Feenstra B, Feingold E, Hayes MG et al (2011b) Genome partitioning of genetic variation for
complex traits using common SNPs. Nat Genet 43:519–525
Yang J, Ferreira T, Morris A, Medland SE, The GIANT Consortium, The DIAGRAM Consortium,
Madden PA, Heath AC, Marin NG, Montgomery GW et al (2012) Conditional and joint
multiple-SNP analysis of GWAS summary statistics identifies additional variants influencing
complex traits. Nat Genet 44:369–375
Zeggini E, Morris A (eds) (2011) Analysis of complex disease association studies: a practical
guide. Elsevier, London
Zhu J, Zhang B, Smith EN, Drees B, Brem RB, Kruglyak L, Bumgarner RE, Schadt EE (2008)
Integrating large-scale functional genomic data to dissect the complexity of yeast regulatory
networks. Nat Genet 40:854–861
Zhu H, Shyh-Chang N, Segrè AV, Shinoda G, Shah SP, Einhorn WS, Takeuchi A, Engreitz JM,
Hagan JP, Kharas MG et al (2011) The Lin28/let-7 axis regulates glucose metabolism. Cell
147:81–94
Zuk O, Hechter E, Sunyaev SR, Lander ES (2012) The mystery of missing heritability: genetic
interactions create phantom heritability. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:1193–1198
183
Voight BF, Scott LJ, Steinthorsdottir V, Morris AP, Dina C, Welch RP, Zeggini E, Huth C,
Aulchenko YS, Thorleifsson G, McCulloch LJ et al (2010) Twelve type 2 diabetes susceptibility
loci identified through large-scale association analysis. Nat Genet 42:579–589
Voight BF, Kang HM, Ding J, Palmer CD, Sidore C, Chines PS, Burtt NP, Fuchsberger C, Li Y,
Erdmann J, Frayling TM, Heid IM, Jackson AU, Johnson T, Kilpeläinen TO, Lindgren CM,
Morris AP, Prokopenko I, Randall JC, Saxena R, Soranzo N, Speliotes EK, Teslovich TM,
Wheeler E, Maguire J, Parkin M, Potter S, Rayner NW, Robertson N, Stirrups K, Winckler
W, Sanna S, Mulas A, Nagaraja R, Cucca F, Barroso I, Deloukas P, Loos RJ, Kathiresan S,
Munroe PB, Newton-Cheh C, Pfeufer A, Samani NJ, Schunkert H, Hirschhorn JN, Altshuler
D, McCarthy MI, Abecasis GR, Boehnke M (2012) The metabochip, a custom genotyping
array for genetic studies of metabolic, cardiovascular, and anthropometric traits. PLoS Genet
8(8):e1002793
Wade N (2009) Genes show limited value in predicting disease. The New York Times. http://www.
nytimes.com/2009/04/16/health/research/16gene.html
Waters KM, Stram DO, Hassanein MT, Le Marchand L, Wilkens LR, Maskarinec G, Monroe KR,
Kolonel LN, Altshuler D, Henderson BE, Haiman CA (2010) Consistent association of type
2 diabetes risk variants found in Europeans in diverse racial and ethnic groups. PLoS Genet
6:e1001078
Weale ME (2010) Quality control for genome-wide association studies. Methods Mol Biol
628:341–372
Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (2007) Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases
of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature 447:661–678
Williams AL, Jacobs SB, Moreno-Macías H, Huerta-Chagoya A, Churchhouse C, Márquez-Luna
C, García-Ortíz H, Gómez-Vázquez MJ, Burtt NP, Aguilar-Salinas CA, González-Villalpando
C, Florez JC, Orozco L, Haiman CA, Tusié-Luna T, Altshuler D, Schizophrenia Psychiatric
Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) Consortium (2011) Genome-wide association study
identifies five new schizophrenia loci. Nat Genet 43:969–976
Wray NR, Purcell SM, Visscher PM (2011) Synthetic associations created by rare variants do not
explain most GWAS results. PLoS Biol 9:e1000579
Yang J, Lee SH, Goddard ME, Visscher PM (2011a) GCTA: a tool for genome-wide complex trait
analysis. Am J Hum Genet 88:76–82
Yang J, Manolio TA, Pasquale LR, Boerwinkle E, Caporaso N, Cunningham JM, de Andrade M,
Feenstra B, Feingold E, Hayes MG et al (2011b) Genome partitioning of genetic variation for
complex traits using common SNPs. Nat Genet 43:519–525
Yang J, Ferreira T, Morris A, Medland SE, The GIANT Consortium, The DIAGRAM Consortium,
Madden PA, Heath AC, Marin NG, Montgomery GW et al (2012) Conditional and joint
multiple-SNP analysis of GWAS summary statistics identifies additional variants influencing
complex traits. Nat Genet 44:369–375
Zeggini E, Morris A (eds) (2011) Analysis of complex disease association studies: a practical
guide. Elsevier, London
Zhu J, Zhang B, Smith EN, Drees B, Brem RB, Kruglyak L, Bumgarner RE, Schadt EE (2008)
Integrating large-scale functional genomic data to dissect the complexity of yeast regulatory
networks. Nat Genet 40:854–861
Zhu H, Shyh-Chang N, Segrè AV, Shinoda G, Shah SP, Einhorn WS, Takeuchi A, Engreitz JM,
Hagan JP, Kharas MG et al (2011) The Lin28/let-7 axis regulates glucose metabolism. Cell
147:81–94
Zuk O, Hechter E, Sunyaev SR, Lander ES (2012) The mystery of missing heritability: genetic
interactions create phantom heritability. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:1193–1198