Community Protocols as Tools for Collective Action 201
5 National Constitution of Argentina, Art. 75, point 17: “To recognize the ethnic and
cultural pre-existence of indigenous peoples of Argentina”. English translation from
http://www.biblioteca.jus.gov.ar/Argentina-Constitution.pdf, accessed 18 June 2021.
6 While the indigenous conception of land ownership involves soil and subsoil, the Mining Code distinguishes between the ownership of minerals generally found in the subsoil, which belong to the State that then grants concession contracts to private actors,
and the ownership of the soil, which follows the private conception of land ownership.
The Salinas Grandes communities’ land ownership involves both soil and subsoil.
7 Artt. 11–13 of the 2002 General Environmental Protection Law (“Ley General del
Ambiente” Ley N.° 25.675, B.O. del 28/11/2002).
8 Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación, Comunidad Aborigen de Santuario Tres Pozos y otros
c/ Provincia de Jujuy y otros s/ amparo, Expte. C.1196.XLVI, 18/12/2012. To see the text
of the Supreme Court Decision, access:https://sjconsulta.csjn.gov.ar/sjconsulta/documentos/verUnicoDocumentoLink.html?idAnalisis=698081&cache=1621430473022
9 Over time, the initial group of communities that drafted the community protocol
took different paths, and the decision to undertake protest concerned a smaller group
concentrated in the province of Jujuy. As we do not have detailed data about these
changes, we do not advance any discussion of this here, but simply remark that the
literature on collective action has long noted the different paths that groups take, into
different types of activism or indeed the exit from activism, over time (Tarrow, 1998).
10 For more details, see Instituto Nacional de Asuntos Índigenas, Resolución 30/2021
from the 5th of April 2021. Available at https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/
detalleAviso/primera/243738/20210429
11 Since international human rights standards are operative (non-programmatical) in
Argentina’s legal system, they do not need specific legislation in order to be applied.
Legal scholars have thus found those laws designed to help implementation in a context where indigenous rights are not well understood.
References
Anaya, J. (2012a). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, James
Anaya. Addendum. The Situation of Indigenous Peoples in Argentina (A/HRC/21/47/
Add.2). United Nations General Assembly, Human Rights Council, Twenty-fourth
session, Agenda item 3, 2 September 2013.
Anaya, J. (2012b). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Progress Report on Extractive Industries. United Nations General Assembly, Human Rights
Council, Twenty-fourth session, Agenda item 3, 1 July 2013.
Bavikatte, K. (2014). Stewarding the Earth. Rethinking Property and the Emergence of Biocultural Rights. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press.
Bavikatte, K., Robinson, D. F., and Oliva, M. J. (2015). Biocultural Community Protocols: Dialogues on the space within. Ik: Other Ways Knowing, 1(2), 1–31.
Comunidades indígenas de las Salinas Grandes y Laguna de Guayatayoc de Jujuy y Salta
(2015). Kachi Yupi/Huellas de la Sal: Procedimiento de Consulta y Consentimiento Previo,
Libre e Informado para las Comunidades Indígenas de la Cuenca de Salinas Grandes y Laguna
de Guayatayoc.
Ferradás Abalo, E., Lobo, A. L., and Lucero, M. J. (2016). Conflicto socioambiental en Salinas
Grandes: neoextractivismo, resistencias y nociones de desarrollo en el nuevo escenario político
regional. Villa María.
Flores, C. (2017). Entre el Litio y la Vida: Comunidades Originarias y la Lucha por la
Conservación del gua y de su Cultura. In FARN (Ed.), Informe Ambiental Anual 2017.
Buenos Aires: FARN.
5 National Constitution of Argentina, Art. 75, point 17: “To recognize the ethnic and
cultural pre-existence of indigenous peoples of Argentina”. English translation from
http://www.biblioteca.jus.gov.ar/Argentina-Constitution.pdf, accessed 18 June 2021.
6 While the indigenous conception of land ownership involves soil and subsoil, the Mining Code distinguishes between the ownership of minerals generally found in the subsoil, which belong to the State that then grants concession contracts to private actors,
and the ownership of the soil, which follows the private conception of land ownership.
The Salinas Grandes communities’ land ownership involves both soil and subsoil.
7 Artt. 11–13 of the 2002 General Environmental Protection Law (“Ley General del
Ambiente” Ley N.° 25.675, B.O. del 28/11/2002).
8 Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación, Comunidad Aborigen de Santuario Tres Pozos y otros
c/ Provincia de Jujuy y otros s/ amparo, Expte. C.1196.XLVI, 18/12/2012. To see the text
of the Supreme Court Decision, access:https://sjconsulta.csjn.gov.ar/sjconsulta/documentos/verUnicoDocumentoLink.html?idAnalisis=698081&cache=1621430473022
9 Over time, the initial group of communities that drafted the community protocol
took different paths, and the decision to undertake protest concerned a smaller group
concentrated in the province of Jujuy. As we do not have detailed data about these
changes, we do not advance any discussion of this here, but simply remark that the
literature on collective action has long noted the different paths that groups take, into
different types of activism or indeed the exit from activism, over time (Tarrow, 1998).
10 For more details, see Instituto Nacional de Asuntos Índigenas, Resolución 30/2021
from the 5th of April 2021. Available at https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/
detalleAviso/primera/243738/20210429
11 Since international human rights standards are operative (non-programmatical) in
Argentina’s legal system, they do not need specific legislation in order to be applied.
Legal scholars have thus found those laws designed to help implementation in a context where indigenous rights are not well understood.
References
Anaya, J. (2012a). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, James
Anaya. Addendum. The Situation of Indigenous Peoples in Argentina (A/HRC/21/47/
Add.2). United Nations General Assembly, Human Rights Council, Twenty-fourth
session, Agenda item 3, 2 September 2013.
Anaya, J. (2012b). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Progress Report on Extractive Industries. United Nations General Assembly, Human Rights
Council, Twenty-fourth session, Agenda item 3, 1 July 2013.
Bavikatte, K. (2014). Stewarding the Earth. Rethinking Property and the Emergence of Biocultural Rights. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press.
Bavikatte, K., Robinson, D. F., and Oliva, M. J. (2015). Biocultural Community Protocols: Dialogues on the space within. Ik: Other Ways Knowing, 1(2), 1–31.
Comunidades indígenas de las Salinas Grandes y Laguna de Guayatayoc de Jujuy y Salta
(2015). Kachi Yupi/Huellas de la Sal: Procedimiento de Consulta y Consentimiento Previo,
Libre e Informado para las Comunidades Indígenas de la Cuenca de Salinas Grandes y Laguna
de Guayatayoc.
Ferradás Abalo, E., Lobo, A. L., and Lucero, M. J. (2016). Conflicto socioambiental en Salinas
Grandes: neoextractivismo, resistencias y nociones de desarrollo en el nuevo escenario político
regional. Villa María.
Flores, C. (2017). Entre el Litio y la Vida: Comunidades Originarias y la Lucha por la
Conservación del gua y de su Cultura. In FARN (Ed.), Informe Ambiental Anual 2017.
Buenos Aires: FARN.