Policy
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requirements for producing electric, plug- in hybrid, or fuel cell vehicles
(Campbell and Ying, 2019). The target for 2019 is 10%, which rises to 12%
in 2020, and the goal is to increase to 7 million in 2025 (about 20% of new
car sales being plug- in hybrids, EVs, or fuel cell models). To encourage the
purchasing of cars without emissions, the largest cities, such as Beijing, are
restricting the issuance of new license plates and charging as much as $14,000
for some vehicles with ICEs, as compared to zero charge for an EV (Campbell
and Ying, 2019). These new policies in China are having worldwide impacts
on the auto industry because the market for new vehicle sales is very large
in China. More than 1 million plug- in hybrid and EVs were sold in China
in 2018, about 4.2% of new auto sales; in January 2019, plug- in vehicle sales
were 4.8% of new auto sales (Davis, 2019; Pontes, 2019).
10.4 City Policies
Nations and large states tend to work with large- scale and incremental policies, which are important and effective for such large and diverse entities.
Individual cities can be different in a number of ways. Cities often face
more specific issues, lending themselves to more pointed possible solutions.
Having a relatively smaller and more unified population, there is sometimes
also an ability for cities to be more innovative and progressive in their policies to address their concerns.
The core issues for cities, though, remain very much the same. Many cities
have developed policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to improve
air quality. Some cities are using the C40 Cities Climate Action Planning
Framework (Lipton et al., 2018) to develop their climate action plan. They
are transitioning to renewable energy for their electricity, developing an EV
charging infrastructure, purchasing electric buses, encouraging the transition
to electric taxis, improving building energy efficiency, adding bicycle paths,
and increasing pedestrian options for people to walk to their destinations.
There is an air quality initiative whereby cities are working cooperatively to improve air quality by measuring air quality with inexpensive monitoring instruments, engaging citizens in actions to address air
pollution, and developing new policies and enforcing existing regulations
that improve air quality and health (C40 Cities, 2018). One of the values of
climate action planning is the public commitment to achieving the goals
of the plan. All residents of a city can participate and reduce their carbon
emissions. Tracking progress and communicating the results of sustainability efforts provides encouragement to all those who are helping with
the efforts.
Copenhagen, Denmark has a plan to achieve carbon neutrality by 2025.
A 42% reduction in carbon emissions has already been achieved compared
97
97
requirements for producing electric, plug- in hybrid, or fuel cell vehicles
(Campbell and Ying, 2019). The target for 2019 is 10%, which rises to 12%
in 2020, and the goal is to increase to 7 million in 2025 (about 20% of new
car sales being plug- in hybrids, EVs, or fuel cell models). To encourage the
purchasing of cars without emissions, the largest cities, such as Beijing, are
restricting the issuance of new license plates and charging as much as $14,000
for some vehicles with ICEs, as compared to zero charge for an EV (Campbell
and Ying, 2019). These new policies in China are having worldwide impacts
on the auto industry because the market for new vehicle sales is very large
in China. More than 1 million plug- in hybrid and EVs were sold in China
in 2018, about 4.2% of new auto sales; in January 2019, plug- in vehicle sales
were 4.8% of new auto sales (Davis, 2019; Pontes, 2019).
10.4 City Policies
Nations and large states tend to work with large- scale and incremental policies, which are important and effective for such large and diverse entities.
Individual cities can be different in a number of ways. Cities often face
more specific issues, lending themselves to more pointed possible solutions.
Having a relatively smaller and more unified population, there is sometimes
also an ability for cities to be more innovative and progressive in their policies to address their concerns.
The core issues for cities, though, remain very much the same. Many cities
have developed policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to improve
air quality. Some cities are using the C40 Cities Climate Action Planning
Framework (Lipton et al., 2018) to develop their climate action plan. They
are transitioning to renewable energy for their electricity, developing an EV
charging infrastructure, purchasing electric buses, encouraging the transition
to electric taxis, improving building energy efficiency, adding bicycle paths,
and increasing pedestrian options for people to walk to their destinations.
There is an air quality initiative whereby cities are working cooperatively to improve air quality by measuring air quality with inexpensive monitoring instruments, engaging citizens in actions to address air
pollution, and developing new policies and enforcing existing regulations
that improve air quality and health (C40 Cities, 2018). One of the values of
climate action planning is the public commitment to achieving the goals
of the plan. All residents of a city can participate and reduce their carbon
emissions. Tracking progress and communicating the results of sustainability efforts provides encouragement to all those who are helping with
the efforts.
Copenhagen, Denmark has a plan to achieve carbon neutrality by 2025.
A 42% reduction in carbon emissions has already been achieved compared