Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Improving Air Quality
96
96
depends on the size of the battery and how many EVs have been sold by the
manufacturer.
Currently, there are efforts in the California Legislature to pass legislation
to have all new cars sold in California be EVs by 2040. The goal of AB 40 for
2040, introduced by Phil Ting, is to have the California Air Resources Board
develop a plan by January 1, 2021 that would enable California to achieve
this goal by 2040 (Morris, 2018). It will be interesting to see if this policy also
expands in some form to the rest of the United States.
A number of cities and countries have developed goals and/ or plans to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve air quality by encouraging
the electrification of transportation. Eighteen countries are included in a
table of targets to phase out passenger vehicles with only internal combustion engines (ICEs) (Burch and Gilchrist, 2018). The earliest date for this is in
Austria, where the plan is to not sell new ICE vehicles after 2020. India has a
goal of no new ICE cars sold after 2030. The goal for Norway is to transition
to all new car sales being EVs by 2025. The United Kingdom and France have
a goal of ending sales of new cars with only an ICE by 2040. China plans to
end production and sales of ICE vehicles by 2040.
A different, but not mutually exclusive, approach from the above policies encouraging EV adoption is to have regulations that restrict ICEs in
areas where efforts are being made to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
and improve air quality. In China, for instance, motorcycles are restricted
in large cities and this has resulted in electric bicycles being used in their
place. A number of cities have areas where vehicles with ICEs are restricted.
Others have areas where a permit must be purchased daily, and the price of
the permit depends on the emissions of the vehicle (Erickson, 2017; Erickson
et al., 2017)
In large cities where air quality is a concern, actions can be taken to transition to electric buses, electric taxi services, electric delivery vehicles, and
electric garbage trucks (see Chapter 4). EV charging infrastructure can be
installed to encourage commuters to have EVs. Policies to encourage progress
in these efforts have been developed in many cities (Erickson et al., 2017).
There is a list of 25 cities that have regulations, plans, or goals to reduce
air pollution due to vehicles with an ICE in Burch and Gilchrist (2018). Delhi
has a deregistration program for diesel cars that are more than ten years old.
These old cars cannot be driven in the city. Diesel cars are banned in some
cities (Tokyo, Paris). A number of cities have signed the C40 Fossil- Fuel- Free
Streets Declaration to have electric buses by 2025 and no ICE vehicles by 2030
(Burch and Gilchrist, 2018; Lipton et al., 2018). The Zero Emissions Vehicle
Network is a cooperative effort for cities to work together on zero- emission
vehicle strategies for whole cities or areas of cities. Charging infrastructure
for EVs, incentives, and fleets are included, with electric buses, taxis, and
municipal vehicles included in the fleet effort (C40 Cities, 2018).
Lastly, China has some new policies that became effective in 2019. All major
auto companies doing business in China are required to meet minimum
96
96
depends on the size of the battery and how many EVs have been sold by the
manufacturer.
Currently, there are efforts in the California Legislature to pass legislation
to have all new cars sold in California be EVs by 2040. The goal of AB 40 for
2040, introduced by Phil Ting, is to have the California Air Resources Board
develop a plan by January 1, 2021 that would enable California to achieve
this goal by 2040 (Morris, 2018). It will be interesting to see if this policy also
expands in some form to the rest of the United States.
A number of cities and countries have developed goals and/ or plans to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve air quality by encouraging
the electrification of transportation. Eighteen countries are included in a
table of targets to phase out passenger vehicles with only internal combustion engines (ICEs) (Burch and Gilchrist, 2018). The earliest date for this is in
Austria, where the plan is to not sell new ICE vehicles after 2020. India has a
goal of no new ICE cars sold after 2030. The goal for Norway is to transition
to all new car sales being EVs by 2025. The United Kingdom and France have
a goal of ending sales of new cars with only an ICE by 2040. China plans to
end production and sales of ICE vehicles by 2040.
A different, but not mutually exclusive, approach from the above policies encouraging EV adoption is to have regulations that restrict ICEs in
areas where efforts are being made to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
and improve air quality. In China, for instance, motorcycles are restricted
in large cities and this has resulted in electric bicycles being used in their
place. A number of cities have areas where vehicles with ICEs are restricted.
Others have areas where a permit must be purchased daily, and the price of
the permit depends on the emissions of the vehicle (Erickson, 2017; Erickson
et al., 2017)
In large cities where air quality is a concern, actions can be taken to transition to electric buses, electric taxi services, electric delivery vehicles, and
electric garbage trucks (see Chapter 4). EV charging infrastructure can be
installed to encourage commuters to have EVs. Policies to encourage progress
in these efforts have been developed in many cities (Erickson et al., 2017).
There is a list of 25 cities that have regulations, plans, or goals to reduce
air pollution due to vehicles with an ICE in Burch and Gilchrist (2018). Delhi
has a deregistration program for diesel cars that are more than ten years old.
These old cars cannot be driven in the city. Diesel cars are banned in some
cities (Tokyo, Paris). A number of cities have signed the C40 Fossil- Fuel- Free
Streets Declaration to have electric buses by 2025 and no ICE vehicles by 2030
(Burch and Gilchrist, 2018; Lipton et al., 2018). The Zero Emissions Vehicle
Network is a cooperative effort for cities to work together on zero- emission
vehicle strategies for whole cities or areas of cities. Charging infrastructure
for EVs, incentives, and fleets are included, with electric buses, taxis, and
municipal vehicles included in the fleet effort (C40 Cities, 2018).
Lastly, China has some new policies that became effective in 2019. All major
auto companies doing business in China are required to meet minimum