8.1.1 Methods........................................................................................... 137
8.1.2 Results ............................................................................................. 137
8.1.2.1
8.1.2.2
8.1.2.3
8.1.2.4
8.1.2.5
8.1.2.6
8.1.2.7
Hydrologic Evaluation.................................................... 137
Chemical Monitoring ..................................................... 138
pH...................................................................................... 138
Acidity .............................................................................. 141
Alkalinity ......................................................................... 142
Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), and Nickel (Ni) ................. 142
Arsenic.............................................................................. 144
8.1.2.8 Sulfate/Sulfide ................................................................. 145
8.1.2.9 Dissolved Organic Carbon ............................................ 146
8.2 South Carolina PRB ................................................................................... 147
8.3 Conclusions................................................................................................. 148
References............................................................................................................. 149
8.1 Louisiana PRBs........................................................................................... 136
8
Organic-Based Permeable Reactive
Barriers for the Treatment of Heavy Metals,
Arsenic, and Acidity
Ralph D. Ludwig, Richard T. Wilkin, Steven D. Acree,
Randall R. Ross, and Tony R. Lee
CONTENTS
Three different organic-based permeable reactive barrier (PRB) systems were
evaluated for their effectiveness in treating heavy metals, arsenic and acidity
in groundwater. One PRB, a full-scale system consisting of composted cow
manure and limestone gravel, was installed at a former battery recycling
facility site located in Louisiana. The second PRB, a pilot, was installed at the
same location in Louisiana. It consisted of composted cow manure, limestone
gravel, and wood chips. The third PRB, also a pilot, was installed at a former
phosphate fertilizer manufacturing facility site in South Carolina. It consisted
of a mixture of municipal yard compost, zero-valent iron (ZVI), limestone,
and granite pea gravel. In all three cases, the PRBs were designed to treat low
pH, high acidity groundwater containing heavy metals and arsenic, by raising pH and promoting microbially mediated sulfate reduction.
135
8.1.2 Results ............................................................................................. 137
8.1.2.1
8.1.2.2
8.1.2.3
8.1.2.4
8.1.2.5
8.1.2.6
8.1.2.7
Hydrologic Evaluation.................................................... 137
Chemical Monitoring ..................................................... 138
pH...................................................................................... 138
Acidity .............................................................................. 141
Alkalinity ......................................................................... 142
Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), and Nickel (Ni) ................. 142
Arsenic.............................................................................. 144
8.1.2.8 Sulfate/Sulfide ................................................................. 145
8.1.2.9 Dissolved Organic Carbon ............................................ 146
8.2 South Carolina PRB ................................................................................... 147
8.3 Conclusions................................................................................................. 148
References............................................................................................................. 149
8.1 Louisiana PRBs........................................................................................... 136
8
Organic-Based Permeable Reactive
Barriers for the Treatment of Heavy Metals,
Arsenic, and Acidity
Ralph D. Ludwig, Richard T. Wilkin, Steven D. Acree,
Randall R. Ross, and Tony R. Lee
CONTENTS
Three different organic-based permeable reactive barrier (PRB) systems were
evaluated for their effectiveness in treating heavy metals, arsenic and acidity
in groundwater. One PRB, a full-scale system consisting of composted cow
manure and limestone gravel, was installed at a former battery recycling
facility site located in Louisiana. The second PRB, a pilot, was installed at the
same location in Louisiana. It consisted of composted cow manure, limestone
gravel, and wood chips. The third PRB, also a pilot, was installed at a former
phosphate fertilizer manufacturing facility site in South Carolina. It consisted
of a mixture of municipal yard compost, zero-valent iron (ZVI), limestone,
and granite pea gravel. In all three cases, the PRBs were designed to treat low
pH, high acidity groundwater containing heavy metals and arsenic, by raising pH and promoting microbially mediated sulfate reduction.
135