160 H. N. Sandvold et al.
Notes
1 The smolt stage is here defined as the period where a salmon has gone through the
smoltification process, where it has physically gone from being a freshwater fish to
a salmon that tolerates saltwater. It attains a silver skin. There is no specific size
clearly defined in the literature of the salmon at this stage. However, here we use
smolt to describe a salmon with a weight between 0.1 and 250 grams, and postsmolt between 250 grams and 1 kg.
2 The size of the fish in the hatcheries has traditionally been restricted to a maximum
of 250 g. However, as a pilot project from May 1, 2012, the Norwegian Ministry
has given the farmers the right to grant an exemption to extend the juvenile phase
in closed land- based systems until the fish reaches a size of up to 1 kg.
References
Asche, F. (2008). Farming the sea. Marine Resource Economics, 23, 527–547.
Asche, F., & Bjørndal, T. (2011). The economics of salmon aquaculture. Chichester:
Wiley- Blackwell.
Asche, F., & Roll, K. H. (2013). Determinants of inefficiency in Norwegian salmon
aquaculture. Aquaculture Economics & Management, 17(3), 300–321.
Asche, F., Guttormsen, A. & Nielsen, R. (2013). Future challenges for the maturing
Norwegian salmon aquaculture industry: An analysis of total factor productivity
change from 1996 to 2008. Aquaculture, 396–399, 43–50.
Asche, F., Guttormsen, A. & Tveterås, R. (1999). Environmental problems, productivity and innovations in Norwegian salmon aquaculture. Aquaculture Economics &
Management, 3, 19–29.
Asche, F., Roll, K. H., Sandvold, H. N., Sørvig, A. & Zhang, D. (2013). Salmon
aquaculture: Larger companies and increased production. Aquaculture Economics &
Management, 17(3), 322–339.
Badiola, M., Mendiola, D. & Bostock, J. (2012). Recirculating Aquaculture Systems
(RAS) analysis: Main issues on management and future challenges. Aquacultural
Engineering, 51, 26–35.
Bergheim, A., Drengstig, A., Ulgenes, Y. & Fivelstad, S. (2009). Production of Atlantic salmon smolts in Europe: Current characteristics and future trends. Aquacultural
Engineering, 41(2), 46–52.
Burridge, L., Weis, J. S., Cabello, F., Pizarro, J. & Bostick, K. (2010). Chemical use
in salmon aquaculture: A review of current practices and possible environmental
effects. Aquaculture, 306(1–4), 7–23.
Costello, M. J. (2009). The global economic cost of sea lice to the salmonid farming
industry. Journal of Fish Diseases, 32(1), 115–118.
Del Campo, L. M., Ibarra, P., Gutièrrez, X. & Takle, H. R. (2010). Utilization of
sludge from recirculation aquaculture systems. Nofima rapportserie.
Ernst & Young. (2018). The Norwegian Aquaculture Analysis 2017. Retrieved from
www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY_-_The_Norwegian_Aquaculture_
Analysis_2017/$FILE/EY- Norwegian-Aquaculture- Analysis-2017.pdf.
FAO. (2016). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture: Contributing to food security and
nutrition for all. Rome: FAO.
Fivelstad, S., Bergheim, A., Hølland, P. M. & Fjermedal, A. B. (2004). Water flow
requirements in the intensive production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr–
smolt at two salinity levels. Aquaculture, 231(1–4), 263–277.
Notes
1 The smolt stage is here defined as the period where a salmon has gone through the
smoltification process, where it has physically gone from being a freshwater fish to
a salmon that tolerates saltwater. It attains a silver skin. There is no specific size
clearly defined in the literature of the salmon at this stage. However, here we use
smolt to describe a salmon with a weight between 0.1 and 250 grams, and postsmolt between 250 grams and 1 kg.
2 The size of the fish in the hatcheries has traditionally been restricted to a maximum
of 250 g. However, as a pilot project from May 1, 2012, the Norwegian Ministry
has given the farmers the right to grant an exemption to extend the juvenile phase
in closed land- based systems until the fish reaches a size of up to 1 kg.
References
Asche, F. (2008). Farming the sea. Marine Resource Economics, 23, 527–547.
Asche, F., & Bjørndal, T. (2011). The economics of salmon aquaculture. Chichester:
Wiley- Blackwell.
Asche, F., & Roll, K. H. (2013). Determinants of inefficiency in Norwegian salmon
aquaculture. Aquaculture Economics & Management, 17(3), 300–321.
Asche, F., Guttormsen, A. & Nielsen, R. (2013). Future challenges for the maturing
Norwegian salmon aquaculture industry: An analysis of total factor productivity
change from 1996 to 2008. Aquaculture, 396–399, 43–50.
Asche, F., Guttormsen, A. & Tveterås, R. (1999). Environmental problems, productivity and innovations in Norwegian salmon aquaculture. Aquaculture Economics &
Management, 3, 19–29.
Asche, F., Roll, K. H., Sandvold, H. N., Sørvig, A. & Zhang, D. (2013). Salmon
aquaculture: Larger companies and increased production. Aquaculture Economics &
Management, 17(3), 322–339.
Badiola, M., Mendiola, D. & Bostock, J. (2012). Recirculating Aquaculture Systems
(RAS) analysis: Main issues on management and future challenges. Aquacultural
Engineering, 51, 26–35.
Bergheim, A., Drengstig, A., Ulgenes, Y. & Fivelstad, S. (2009). Production of Atlantic salmon smolts in Europe: Current characteristics and future trends. Aquacultural
Engineering, 41(2), 46–52.
Burridge, L., Weis, J. S., Cabello, F., Pizarro, J. & Bostick, K. (2010). Chemical use
in salmon aquaculture: A review of current practices and possible environmental
effects. Aquaculture, 306(1–4), 7–23.
Costello, M. J. (2009). The global economic cost of sea lice to the salmonid farming
industry. Journal of Fish Diseases, 32(1), 115–118.
Del Campo, L. M., Ibarra, P., Gutièrrez, X. & Takle, H. R. (2010). Utilization of
sludge from recirculation aquaculture systems. Nofima rapportserie.
Ernst & Young. (2018). The Norwegian Aquaculture Analysis 2017. Retrieved from
www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY_-_The_Norwegian_Aquaculture_
Analysis_2017/$FILE/EY- Norwegian-Aquaculture- Analysis-2017.pdf.
FAO. (2016). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture: Contributing to food security and
nutrition for all. Rome: FAO.
Fivelstad, S., Bergheim, A., Hølland, P. M. & Fjermedal, A. B. (2004). Water flow
requirements in the intensive production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr–
smolt at two salinity levels. Aquaculture, 231(1–4), 263–277.