138 A. N. Tanner and N. Strøm-Andersen
resulted in a total import ban on UK beef and cattle to the rest of Europe.
The ban was only lifted in 2006. To date, 177 people have died because of
contracting the human variant of BSE.
In 1990, the first EU regulative ban on using ruminant MBM in feed for
ruminants was introduced. It was a way to inhibit the further spread of BSE
by breaking the vicious cycle. In 1994 this ban was expanded to concern
protein feed from all animals (including pigs, poultry, etc.) to ruminants. In
2001 the EU imposed a total ban on using any remains of all animals in feed
for livestock (TSE Regulation No 999/2001). The TSE Regulation No
999/2001 was introduced throughout EU as well as in Norway from January
1, 2001 (Nærings- og fiskeridepartementet & Landbruks- og matdepartementet, 2004, 2016). The main argument was that feed for ruminants was too
easily contaminated during production, storage or transportation with MBM
produced as feed for pigs and poultry. Hence, it was assessed to be a risk that
ruminants would be fed with ruminant proteins. Consequently, the total ban
on using any animal by- products in feed for any animals was a means to meet
the human health risk of consuming beef.
From one day to the next it changed the market situation for the whole
industry. In Denmark, this caused a huge bottleneck in the system. DAKA,
which was the main purchaser at this time, experienced their previous market
for animal feed being disruptively shut down overnight. This resulted in an
accumulation of 180,000 tons of MBM at DAKA with no potential purchasers. As a result, the product totally lost its value, which sent the company out
in search of other markets and a process of restructuring and reorganising its
business.
Also in Norway, the sudden introduction of the TSE Regulation yielded a
significantly higher price than alternative solutions such as landfill, combustion or fertiliser. This new regulation changed the price of MBM accordingly
from a positive value of NOK 2–3 per kg to a negative value of NOK 2–3
per kg overnight. Similarly, in Denmark, interviewees report that they had to
pay the incineration and cement industry 600–700 DKK per ton. The negative prices for the rendering companies were imposed on the slaughterhouses
that delivered raw materials to rendering companies.
In 2002 another set of regulations was introduced in the EU (EU Regulations 1774/2002, later replaced by EU Regulations 1069/2009 and 142/2011),
which regulates the use of animal by- products throughout the entire food
chain. This set of regulations introduced the categorisation of ABP in three
categories, CAT1, CAT2 and CAT3, introduced in section 7.3.1.
7.5.2 Market regulations: novel food products and trade barriers
Another type of regulation is the EFSA’s regulation (European Food Safety
Authority) on nutrition and health claims (Commission Regulation (EU) No
1924/2006, No 353/2008, No 1169/2009). In order to protect consumers,
health claims need to be justified scientifically. The EFSA regulation places
resulted in a total import ban on UK beef and cattle to the rest of Europe.
The ban was only lifted in 2006. To date, 177 people have died because of
contracting the human variant of BSE.
In 1990, the first EU regulative ban on using ruminant MBM in feed for
ruminants was introduced. It was a way to inhibit the further spread of BSE
by breaking the vicious cycle. In 1994 this ban was expanded to concern
protein feed from all animals (including pigs, poultry, etc.) to ruminants. In
2001 the EU imposed a total ban on using any remains of all animals in feed
for livestock (TSE Regulation No 999/2001). The TSE Regulation No
999/2001 was introduced throughout EU as well as in Norway from January
1, 2001 (Nærings- og fiskeridepartementet & Landbruks- og matdepartementet, 2004, 2016). The main argument was that feed for ruminants was too
easily contaminated during production, storage or transportation with MBM
produced as feed for pigs and poultry. Hence, it was assessed to be a risk that
ruminants would be fed with ruminant proteins. Consequently, the total ban
on using any animal by- products in feed for any animals was a means to meet
the human health risk of consuming beef.
From one day to the next it changed the market situation for the whole
industry. In Denmark, this caused a huge bottleneck in the system. DAKA,
which was the main purchaser at this time, experienced their previous market
for animal feed being disruptively shut down overnight. This resulted in an
accumulation of 180,000 tons of MBM at DAKA with no potential purchasers. As a result, the product totally lost its value, which sent the company out
in search of other markets and a process of restructuring and reorganising its
business.
Also in Norway, the sudden introduction of the TSE Regulation yielded a
significantly higher price than alternative solutions such as landfill, combustion or fertiliser. This new regulation changed the price of MBM accordingly
from a positive value of NOK 2–3 per kg to a negative value of NOK 2–3
per kg overnight. Similarly, in Denmark, interviewees report that they had to
pay the incineration and cement industry 600–700 DKK per ton. The negative prices for the rendering companies were imposed on the slaughterhouses
that delivered raw materials to rendering companies.
In 2002 another set of regulations was introduced in the EU (EU Regulations 1774/2002, later replaced by EU Regulations 1069/2009 and 142/2011),
which regulates the use of animal by- products throughout the entire food
chain. This set of regulations introduced the categorisation of ABP in three
categories, CAT1, CAT2 and CAT3, introduced in section 7.3.1.
7.5.2 Market regulations: novel food products and trade barriers
Another type of regulation is the EFSA’s regulation (European Food Safety
Authority) on nutrition and health claims (Commission Regulation (EU) No
1924/2006, No 353/2008, No 1169/2009). In order to protect consumers,
health claims need to be justified scientifically. The EFSA regulation places