v
Contents
Preface to the Second Edition
ix
Preface and Acknowledgments to the First Edition
xi
Acknowledgments to the Second Edition
xv
Authors
xvii
1 An overview of deep soil improvement by vibratory methods 1
2 A history of vibratory deep compaction
5
2.1 The vibro flotation method and first applications before 1945 5
2.2 Vibro compaction in postwar Germany during
reconstruction 16
2.3 The Torpedo vibrator and the vibro replacement
stone column method 18
2.4 Development of vibro compaction outside Germany 20
2.5 Method improvements 28
2.6 Design aspects 30
3 Vibro compaction of granular soils
33
3.1 The depth vibrator 33
3.2 Vibro compaction treatment technique 39
3.2.1 Compaction mechanism of granular soils 39
3.2.2 Vibro compaction in practice 45
3.3 Design principles 49
3.3.1 General remarks 49
3.3.2 Stability and settlement control 54
3.3.3 Mitigation of seismic risks 63
3.3.3.1 Evaluation of the liquefaction potential 63
3.3.3.2 Settlement estimation of sands due
to earthquake shaking 72