432
indifferent to light, indicating that seeds can germinate at both gaps and under forest
canopy. Seeds tolerate desiccation to low moisture content (≤ 5%), although it has
been registered that some populations are more sensitive to seed desiccation than
others. Seeds stored with low MC (≤ 5%) at low temperatures (between −20 and
5 °C) do not show signs of aging after a year of storage, whereas seed deterioration
occurs in seeds stored at 35 °C with 8–10% MC and even in seeds stored with 3–5%
MC after a year of storage (Galindez et al. 2019). These results are consistent with
previous observations (Ledesma 2014) and indicate that this species show orthodox
storage behavior and can likely be preserved for medium- and long-term durations
in seed banks. However, considering that both moisture content and temperature are
key factors in seed deterioration, with some populations being more sensitive to
storage conditions than others, it is essential to evaluate the behavior of each collected population before it is stored (Galindez et al. 2019) (Fig. 16.2).
There are several experiences of C. trichotoma plantations in both subtropical
rainforests, some of them in agroforestry systems, for which the species has proved
to adapt perfectly well. An interesting agroforestry trial was installed in 2010 in the
town of Santo Pipó (Province of Misiones) (Munaretto et al. 2019). Yerba mate tree
(Ilex paraguariensis) is one of the main industrial crops of the province, which is
commonly conducted like a tea crop, that is, as bushes at full sun. The trial seeks to
test the behavior of yerba mate in consociation with forest tree species of timber
interest (nine native and exotic species were assayed). Until 7 years of age, the productivity of yerba mate does not decrease in consociation with the tree species
tested. Thus, the agroforestry system not only maintained similar yields of yerba
mate leaves but also improved the natural and work environments, increasing biodiversity and soil quality and providing more comfort to personnel working in the
shade of the trees (Munaretto et al. 2019). Among the native tree species assayed,
Peltophorum dubium and C. trichotoma stood out, the latter showing an average
DBH of 16 cm and a mean total height of 8 m at the seventh year of implantation
(Colcombet et al. 2019).
Another experience in the NEA was a silvicultural field trial with three native
species assayed under pine canopy and at open sky. Crechi et al. (2010) reported
that Cordia trichotoma and Balfourodendron riedelianum presented a good growth
with monopodial architecture and straight stems (although less growth than
Enterolobium contortisiliquum), resulting in promising species for the logging
industry.
In NWA, there are few plantations at experimental scale with this species, being
one of the most relevant located in a private property of Valle Morado (Province of
Salta, 23°27´ S; 64°28′ W). In 2001 and 2002, two trials of C. trichotoma were
installed, both purely and as mixed stands with other native species of the Selva
Pedemontana of the Yungas, with a plantation frame of 4 × 3 m. In both conditions,
the species presented a low mortality, close to 5% in the first year, proving to be a
rustic species with good adaptation to plantation (Balducci et al. 2009). In mixed
plantation with Cedrela balansae, the average diametric growth was 0.9 cm/year,
whereas 1.4 cm/year in mixed plantation with Handroanthus impetiginosus. The
density for C. trichotoma was 50 ind/ha, reaching the sixth year an average DBH of
L. F. Fornes et al.
indifferent to light, indicating that seeds can germinate at both gaps and under forest
canopy. Seeds tolerate desiccation to low moisture content (≤ 5%), although it has
been registered that some populations are more sensitive to seed desiccation than
others. Seeds stored with low MC (≤ 5%) at low temperatures (between −20 and
5 °C) do not show signs of aging after a year of storage, whereas seed deterioration
occurs in seeds stored at 35 °C with 8–10% MC and even in seeds stored with 3–5%
MC after a year of storage (Galindez et al. 2019). These results are consistent with
previous observations (Ledesma 2014) and indicate that this species show orthodox
storage behavior and can likely be preserved for medium- and long-term durations
in seed banks. However, considering that both moisture content and temperature are
key factors in seed deterioration, with some populations being more sensitive to
storage conditions than others, it is essential to evaluate the behavior of each collected population before it is stored (Galindez et al. 2019) (Fig. 16.2).
There are several experiences of C. trichotoma plantations in both subtropical
rainforests, some of them in agroforestry systems, for which the species has proved
to adapt perfectly well. An interesting agroforestry trial was installed in 2010 in the
town of Santo Pipó (Province of Misiones) (Munaretto et al. 2019). Yerba mate tree
(Ilex paraguariensis) is one of the main industrial crops of the province, which is
commonly conducted like a tea crop, that is, as bushes at full sun. The trial seeks to
test the behavior of yerba mate in consociation with forest tree species of timber
interest (nine native and exotic species were assayed). Until 7 years of age, the productivity of yerba mate does not decrease in consociation with the tree species
tested. Thus, the agroforestry system not only maintained similar yields of yerba
mate leaves but also improved the natural and work environments, increasing biodiversity and soil quality and providing more comfort to personnel working in the
shade of the trees (Munaretto et al. 2019). Among the native tree species assayed,
Peltophorum dubium and C. trichotoma stood out, the latter showing an average
DBH of 16 cm and a mean total height of 8 m at the seventh year of implantation
(Colcombet et al. 2019).
Another experience in the NEA was a silvicultural field trial with three native
species assayed under pine canopy and at open sky. Crechi et al. (2010) reported
that Cordia trichotoma and Balfourodendron riedelianum presented a good growth
with monopodial architecture and straight stems (although less growth than
Enterolobium contortisiliquum), resulting in promising species for the logging
industry.
In NWA, there are few plantations at experimental scale with this species, being
one of the most relevant located in a private property of Valle Morado (Province of
Salta, 23°27´ S; 64°28′ W). In 2001 and 2002, two trials of C. trichotoma were
installed, both purely and as mixed stands with other native species of the Selva
Pedemontana of the Yungas, with a plantation frame of 4 × 3 m. In both conditions,
the species presented a low mortality, close to 5% in the first year, proving to be a
rustic species with good adaptation to plantation (Balducci et al. 2009). In mixed
plantation with Cedrela balansae, the average diametric growth was 0.9 cm/year,
whereas 1.4 cm/year in mixed plantation with Handroanthus impetiginosus. The
density for C. trichotoma was 50 ind/ha, reaching the sixth year an average DBH of
L. F. Fornes et al.