264 Index
coexistence preconditions, 33
competition between two
populations, 33–35
competition models of two
populations, 34–35
exploitation competition, 33
food chains, 37
Gause’s law, 33, 35
interference competition, 33
predator-prey interaction, 35–40
symbiosis of two populations,
32–33
natural selection and evolution,
40–41
genetic variety, pre-existing, 40
human brain, 40
insect populations, 40
mechanism of evolution, 40
mutations, 40
predator-prey systems, 41
population dynamics, 28–29
importance, 28
mathematical analysis, 28
precondition for persistence, 29
purpose, 28
population and ecosystem, 25–28
age distribution, 26–28
biological community, 25
biotope, 26
characteristic case of system, 25
ecological habitat, 26
ecological niche, 25
factors affecting population
growth, 26
population size change,
parameters, 26
pyramids of human populations,
28
stabilising of population age
distribution, 28
population size variation models,
29–31
carrying capacity, 31
competition, 30
exponential model, 29–30
limiting factor, elimination of, 31
logistic model, 30–31
population boom, 31
predator-prey interaction, 35–40
assumptions, 37
categories, 35
elimination of one population, 38
Lotka-Volterra model, 39
models, 37–40
oscillation mechanism, 39
parasite examples, 35
predator, 35
prey decrease, 36
refuges, 39
self-limitation, 38
stable equilibrium, 38
system elasticity, 36
trophic relations, 36
survival strategies of populations,
41–43
adaptation to environment, 41
exploitation of resources, 43
fundamental population
parameters, 42
hibernation, 43
migration, 43
population dynamics, parameters,
42
seasonal periodicity, 41
speed of evolution, 43
strategy element, ecological
manifestation as, 42
survival strategy, 42
temporal quantitative population
alteration, 41
warm–cold environment, 42
Predator-prey interaction, 35–40
assumptions, 37
categories, 35
elimination of one population, 38
Lotka-Volterra model, 39
models, 37–40
oscillation mechanism, 39
parasite examples, 35
predator, 35
prey decrease, 36
refuges, 39
self-limitation, 38
stable equilibrium, 38
system elasticity, 36
trophic relations, 36
Primary production, 59–61
Producer organisms
aquatic ecosystems, 77, 81
created biomass of, 55
efficiency of, 59
nitrogen absorption, 67
trophic chains, 98
Proteins, 13
coexistence preconditions, 33
competition between two
populations, 33–35
competition models of two
populations, 34–35
exploitation competition, 33
food chains, 37
Gause’s law, 33, 35
interference competition, 33
predator-prey interaction, 35–40
symbiosis of two populations,
32–33
natural selection and evolution,
40–41
genetic variety, pre-existing, 40
human brain, 40
insect populations, 40
mechanism of evolution, 40
mutations, 40
predator-prey systems, 41
population dynamics, 28–29
importance, 28
mathematical analysis, 28
precondition for persistence, 29
purpose, 28
population and ecosystem, 25–28
age distribution, 26–28
biological community, 25
biotope, 26
characteristic case of system, 25
ecological habitat, 26
ecological niche, 25
factors affecting population
growth, 26
population size change,
parameters, 26
pyramids of human populations,
28
stabilising of population age
distribution, 28
population size variation models,
29–31
carrying capacity, 31
competition, 30
exponential model, 29–30
limiting factor, elimination of, 31
logistic model, 30–31
population boom, 31
predator-prey interaction, 35–40
assumptions, 37
categories, 35
elimination of one population, 38
Lotka-Volterra model, 39
models, 37–40
oscillation mechanism, 39
parasite examples, 35
predator, 35
prey decrease, 36
refuges, 39
self-limitation, 38
stable equilibrium, 38
system elasticity, 36
trophic relations, 36
survival strategies of populations,
41–43
adaptation to environment, 41
exploitation of resources, 43
fundamental population
parameters, 42
hibernation, 43
migration, 43
population dynamics, parameters,
42
seasonal periodicity, 41
speed of evolution, 43
strategy element, ecological
manifestation as, 42
survival strategy, 42
temporal quantitative population
alteration, 41
warm–cold environment, 42
Predator-prey interaction, 35–40
assumptions, 37
categories, 35
elimination of one population, 38
Lotka-Volterra model, 39
models, 37–40
oscillation mechanism, 39
parasite examples, 35
predator, 35
prey decrease, 36
refuges, 39
self-limitation, 38
stable equilibrium, 38
system elasticity, 36
trophic relations, 36
Primary production, 59–61
Producer organisms
aquatic ecosystems, 77, 81
created biomass of, 55
efficiency of, 59
nitrogen absorption, 67
trophic chains, 98
Proteins, 13