parasitoids would be best timed to coincide with the period when third and fourth
nymphal instars of cotton aphid are most abundant.Tazerouni et al. (2016b) were
expressed that both A. matricariae and P. volucre are potential biological control
agents to decreasing population of A. gossypii and M. persicae. The maximum
parasitism rate of A. matricariae and P. volucre on A. gossypii was reported 34.28
and 24.74 nymphs, respectively (Tazerouni et al. 2017). The percentage of parasitism of A. gossypii and M. persicae by A. matricariae was 41% and 47.6%, respectively and by A. colemani was obtained 56.4% and 50.6%, respectively (Zamani
et al. 2007). The r m value for A. matricariae on M. persicae was reported 0.3 day
À1
(Rashki et al. 2009). Aphidius matricariae caused reasonable mortality of the
M. persicae by parasitism of 52.17 host aphids, in 24 h (Tazerouni et al. 2016c).
Searching efficiency, handling time and maximum attack rate of P. volucre on
M. persicae were 0.020 Æ 0.003 h
À1 , 0.507 Æ 0.160 h and 47.34 nymphs per
24 h, respectively (Tazerouni et al. 2016c). Other braconid wasp, Aphidius rosae
Haliday is beneficial parasitoid wasp against A. rosae (Mehrparvar et al. 2005).
Aphidius matricariae and A. colemani produce commercially and they use as
successful biological control agent against M. persicae and A. gossypii, respectively
in greenhouses.
Beauveria bassiana strain DEBI008 can reduce the melon aphid fitness or repel
the aphid (Rashki and Shirvani 2013). After 48 hours, to use concentration of 10
6 of
Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) (DEMI-001 isolate), mortality of M. rosae
was 52.1% and 74.2% at 10 and 20
C, respectively (Jafarinasab 2015).
15.4.2 Biological Control of Whiteflies
There are a few effective parasitoid wasps against whiteflies in Iran. Also, there are
some predators and pathogens that they are used single or in combination with
parasitoids to improve control of whiteflies.
15.4.2.1 Predators
Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phythoseiidae) as a general predator has
the effective influence to decreasing T. vaporariorum populations, particularly pupal
stage of this pest on greenhouse cucumber (Ardeh et al. 2014). Also, this predator is
useful for control of B. tabaci (especially on eggs and first nymphal instars) on bean
(Soleymani et al. 2015a) and cucumber (Soleymani et al. 2015b) in greenhouses.
15.4.2.2 Parasitoids
Several parasitoid wasps attack whiteflies, which have been used successfully for
biological control of these pests in greenhouses. The parasitic wasps of the family
562
Z. Tazerouni and A. A. Talebi
nymphal instars of cotton aphid are most abundant.Tazerouni et al. (2016b) were
expressed that both A. matricariae and P. volucre are potential biological control
agents to decreasing population of A. gossypii and M. persicae. The maximum
parasitism rate of A. matricariae and P. volucre on A. gossypii was reported 34.28
and 24.74 nymphs, respectively (Tazerouni et al. 2017). The percentage of parasitism of A. gossypii and M. persicae by A. matricariae was 41% and 47.6%, respectively and by A. colemani was obtained 56.4% and 50.6%, respectively (Zamani
et al. 2007). The r m value for A. matricariae on M. persicae was reported 0.3 day
À1
(Rashki et al. 2009). Aphidius matricariae caused reasonable mortality of the
M. persicae by parasitism of 52.17 host aphids, in 24 h (Tazerouni et al. 2016c).
Searching efficiency, handling time and maximum attack rate of P. volucre on
M. persicae were 0.020 Æ 0.003 h
À1 , 0.507 Æ 0.160 h and 47.34 nymphs per
24 h, respectively (Tazerouni et al. 2016c). Other braconid wasp, Aphidius rosae
Haliday is beneficial parasitoid wasp against A. rosae (Mehrparvar et al. 2005).
Aphidius matricariae and A. colemani produce commercially and they use as
successful biological control agent against M. persicae and A. gossypii, respectively
in greenhouses.
Beauveria bassiana strain DEBI008 can reduce the melon aphid fitness or repel
the aphid (Rashki and Shirvani 2013). After 48 hours, to use concentration of 10
6 of
Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) (DEMI-001 isolate), mortality of M. rosae
was 52.1% and 74.2% at 10 and 20
C, respectively (Jafarinasab 2015).
15.4.2 Biological Control of Whiteflies
There are a few effective parasitoid wasps against whiteflies in Iran. Also, there are
some predators and pathogens that they are used single or in combination with
parasitoids to improve control of whiteflies.
15.4.2.1 Predators
Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phythoseiidae) as a general predator has
the effective influence to decreasing T. vaporariorum populations, particularly pupal
stage of this pest on greenhouse cucumber (Ardeh et al. 2014). Also, this predator is
useful for control of B. tabaci (especially on eggs and first nymphal instars) on bean
(Soleymani et al. 2015a) and cucumber (Soleymani et al. 2015b) in greenhouses.
15.4.2.2 Parasitoids
Several parasitoid wasps attack whiteflies, which have been used successfully for
biological control of these pests in greenhouses. The parasitic wasps of the family
562
Z. Tazerouni and A. A. Talebi