Myroides and Aeromonas. The crypt-dwelling Gammaproteobacteria were identified
in Graphosoma lineatum (Hem.: Pentatomidae). It was demonstrated that that these
symbiotic bacteria were vertically transmitted and positively affected the fitness of
the insect as surface sterilization of eggs resulted in decreased fitness of the offspring
compared to the control (Karimpour et al. 2016). Zarei et al. (2017) surveyed the
diversity of Spiroplasma citri in Circulifer haematoceps (Hem.: Cicadellidae), a
leafhopper of sesame fields in the Fars province of south Iran. There were six
groups –the strains of group 1 could be transmitted from sesame-infected plants to
citrus trees by C. haematoceps, while strains of group 6 could not infect citrus trees.
Hemmati et al. (2017) identified the yeast and yeast-like symbionts from the insect
vector of lime witches’ broom phytoplasma, Hishimonus phycitis (Hem.:
Cicadellidae). Thirtheen different populations of H. phycitis were collected form
Hormozgan, Kerman and Sistan-Baluchestan provinces. Results revealed that the
vector harboured yeast-like symbionts of H. phycitis (Hp-YLS) and Candida
pimensis, with high similarity to those reported from the other Cicadellids. FamiTafreshi et al. (2017) investigated the microbiota of olive psyllids, Euphyllura
straminea and Euphyllura pakistanica (Hem.: Aphalaridae), using a metagenomic
approach. Different populations of E. straminea were collected from Tarom and
Tehran whereas populations of E. pakistanica were collected from Shiraz. The
results showed that bacterial taxa within the phylum Proteobacteria were dominant
in all populations of E. straminea and E. pakistanica. The γ-Proteobacteria were the
most abundant bacteria in the psyllids followed by α-Proteobacteria,
β-Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, respectively. Also,
the results showed that female psyllids harbored greater populations of gut bacteria
compared with males. The bacterial community structure was similar in both
species. In another work, the effect of Arsenophonus elimination on Ommatissus
lybicus (Hem.: Tropiduchidae) was surveyed (Karimi et al. 2019). Elimination of
Arsenophonus increased the developmental time of the hopper immature stages and
reduced life-history parameters such as nymphal survival rate and adult longevity in
the host. In the aphids, bacterial endosymbionts play important roles in host ecological behaviours. Hosseinzadeh et al. (2019) assessed the endosymbionts and their
titers in different tissues of male and female Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri
Kuwayama). D. citri identified as vector of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus
(CLas). They also compared the level of these endosymbionts in CLas infected
psyllids and uninfected psyllids. The highest titer of CLas was observed in the gut
while Wolbachia titer was highest in the Malpighian tubules. Wolbachia and CLas
were detected in all psyllid tissues. The titer of Wolbachia was higher in the heads of
CLas-infected males compared to uninfected males. The titer of two bacterial
endosymbionts, Profftella and Carsonella were detected in specific bacteriome
organ and the ovaries. Their titers were significantly reduced in the bacteriome of
CLas infected males and increased in the ovaries of CLas infected females. This
study showed that CLas modulates the symbionts’ titers. In a series of studies, the
endosymbionts of pistachio stink bugs Brachynema germari (Kashkouli et al.
2019a), Acrosternum heegeri (Kashkouli et al. 2020), and Acrosternum arabicum
(Kashkouli et al. 2019b) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) were identified. Pantoea-like
524
M. Mehrabadi et al.
in Graphosoma lineatum (Hem.: Pentatomidae). It was demonstrated that that these
symbiotic bacteria were vertically transmitted and positively affected the fitness of
the insect as surface sterilization of eggs resulted in decreased fitness of the offspring
compared to the control (Karimpour et al. 2016). Zarei et al. (2017) surveyed the
diversity of Spiroplasma citri in Circulifer haematoceps (Hem.: Cicadellidae), a
leafhopper of sesame fields in the Fars province of south Iran. There were six
groups –the strains of group 1 could be transmitted from sesame-infected plants to
citrus trees by C. haematoceps, while strains of group 6 could not infect citrus trees.
Hemmati et al. (2017) identified the yeast and yeast-like symbionts from the insect
vector of lime witches’ broom phytoplasma, Hishimonus phycitis (Hem.:
Cicadellidae). Thirtheen different populations of H. phycitis were collected form
Hormozgan, Kerman and Sistan-Baluchestan provinces. Results revealed that the
vector harboured yeast-like symbionts of H. phycitis (Hp-YLS) and Candida
pimensis, with high similarity to those reported from the other Cicadellids. FamiTafreshi et al. (2017) investigated the microbiota of olive psyllids, Euphyllura
straminea and Euphyllura pakistanica (Hem.: Aphalaridae), using a metagenomic
approach. Different populations of E. straminea were collected from Tarom and
Tehran whereas populations of E. pakistanica were collected from Shiraz. The
results showed that bacterial taxa within the phylum Proteobacteria were dominant
in all populations of E. straminea and E. pakistanica. The γ-Proteobacteria were the
most abundant bacteria in the psyllids followed by α-Proteobacteria,
β-Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, respectively. Also,
the results showed that female psyllids harbored greater populations of gut bacteria
compared with males. The bacterial community structure was similar in both
species. In another work, the effect of Arsenophonus elimination on Ommatissus
lybicus (Hem.: Tropiduchidae) was surveyed (Karimi et al. 2019). Elimination of
Arsenophonus increased the developmental time of the hopper immature stages and
reduced life-history parameters such as nymphal survival rate and adult longevity in
the host. In the aphids, bacterial endosymbionts play important roles in host ecological behaviours. Hosseinzadeh et al. (2019) assessed the endosymbionts and their
titers in different tissues of male and female Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri
Kuwayama). D. citri identified as vector of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus
(CLas). They also compared the level of these endosymbionts in CLas infected
psyllids and uninfected psyllids. The highest titer of CLas was observed in the gut
while Wolbachia titer was highest in the Malpighian tubules. Wolbachia and CLas
were detected in all psyllid tissues. The titer of Wolbachia was higher in the heads of
CLas-infected males compared to uninfected males. The titer of two bacterial
endosymbionts, Profftella and Carsonella were detected in specific bacteriome
organ and the ovaries. Their titers were significantly reduced in the bacteriome of
CLas infected males and increased in the ovaries of CLas infected females. This
study showed that CLas modulates the symbionts’ titers. In a series of studies, the
endosymbionts of pistachio stink bugs Brachynema germari (Kashkouli et al.
2019a), Acrosternum heegeri (Kashkouli et al. 2020), and Acrosternum arabicum
(Kashkouli et al. 2019b) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) were identified. Pantoea-like
524
M. Mehrabadi et al.