for a mass propagation program to have an effective storage protocol, which include
even the pre-storage practices. The sold products also need to be used in appropriate
time, to avoid unfavorable weather conditions and perfect synchrony with the host
aphid outbreaks (Frère et al. 2011).
The mummy is known as best stage for cold storage (Starý 1970a, b). In optimal
condition the mummies can be keep alive for over 1 month (Archer et al. 1973;
Polgar 1986; Hofsvang and Hägvar 1977; Rabasse and Ibrahim 1987; Frère et al.
2011; Mahi et al. 2014; Al-Antary and Abdel-Wali 2016). The mummies of
Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), containing mature larvae and pupae of Aphidius
ervi Haliday were kept under 3–10
C for 196–202 days without significant effect
on fecundity and viability (He et al. 1983). On the other hand, the low temperatures
can have a detrimental effect on the emergence rate, sex ratio and adult behavior
(Ismail et al. 2010; Frère et al. 2011; Bourdais et al. 2012). The quality control is a
necessary step in mass rearing (van Lenteren, 2003) of the aphid parasitoids, which
may use various indicators including sex ratio (Silva et al. 2011), Adult size (Pavlik
1993; Ameri et al. 2014) and morphometrics (Ameri et al. 2013; Mohammadi et al.
2015), rate of emergence (Frère et al. 2011), fecundity (Portilla et al. 2013), adult
longevity and ovipostion period (Rezaei et al. 2020). Thorough inspecting of the
colonies for possible contamination with the hyperparasitoids both at the time of
rearing and in products is necessary, since they can destroy all the colonies.
References
Addicott JF (1979) A multispecies aphid–ant association: density dependence and species-specific
effects. Can J Zool 57:558–569
Al-Antary TM, Abdel-Wali MI (2016) Response of the parasitoid, Aphidius matricariae Haliday
(Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) mummy to cold storage. Adv Environ Biol 10:124–130
Alikhani M, Rezwani A, Starý P, Kavallieratos NG, Rakhshani E (2013) Aphid parasitoids
(Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in cultivated and non-cultivated areas of Markazi
Province, Iran. Biologia 68:966–973
Al-Rawy MA, Kaddou IK, Starý P (1969) Predation of Chrysopa carnea Steph. On mummified
aphids and its possible significance in population growth of pea aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae).
Bull Biol Res Centre, Baghdad 4:30–40
Ameri M, Rasekh A, Michaud JP, Allahyari H (2013) Morphometric indicators for quality
assessment in the aphid parasitoid, Lysiphlebus fabarum (Braconidae: Aphidiinae). Eur J
Entomol 110:519–525
Ameri M, Rasekh A, Michaud JP (2014) Body size affects host defensive behavior and progeny
fitness in a parasitoid wasp, Lysiphlebus fabarum. Entomol Exp Appl 150:259–268
Ameri M, Rasekh A, Mohammadi Z (2015) A comparison of life history traits of sexual and asexual
strains of the parasitoid wasp, Lysiphlebus fabarum (Braconidae: Aphidiinae). Ecol Entomol
40:50–56
Amini B, Madadi H, Desneux N, Lotfalizadeh HA (2012) Impact of irrigation systems on seasonal
occurrence of Brevicoryne brassicae and its parasitism by Diaeretiella rapae on canola. J
Entomol Res Soc 14:15–26
Andersen JC, Mills NJ (2016) Geographic origins and post-introduction hybridization between
strains of Trioxys pallidus introduced to western North America for the biological control of
walnut and filbert aphids. Biol Control 103:218–229
9 Aphid Parasitoids: Aphidiinae (Hym., Braconidae)
381
even the pre-storage practices. The sold products also need to be used in appropriate
time, to avoid unfavorable weather conditions and perfect synchrony with the host
aphid outbreaks (Frère et al. 2011).
The mummy is known as best stage for cold storage (Starý 1970a, b). In optimal
condition the mummies can be keep alive for over 1 month (Archer et al. 1973;
Polgar 1986; Hofsvang and Hägvar 1977; Rabasse and Ibrahim 1987; Frère et al.
2011; Mahi et al. 2014; Al-Antary and Abdel-Wali 2016). The mummies of
Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), containing mature larvae and pupae of Aphidius
ervi Haliday were kept under 3–10
C for 196–202 days without significant effect
on fecundity and viability (He et al. 1983). On the other hand, the low temperatures
can have a detrimental effect on the emergence rate, sex ratio and adult behavior
(Ismail et al. 2010; Frère et al. 2011; Bourdais et al. 2012). The quality control is a
necessary step in mass rearing (van Lenteren, 2003) of the aphid parasitoids, which
may use various indicators including sex ratio (Silva et al. 2011), Adult size (Pavlik
1993; Ameri et al. 2014) and morphometrics (Ameri et al. 2013; Mohammadi et al.
2015), rate of emergence (Frère et al. 2011), fecundity (Portilla et al. 2013), adult
longevity and ovipostion period (Rezaei et al. 2020). Thorough inspecting of the
colonies for possible contamination with the hyperparasitoids both at the time of
rearing and in products is necessary, since they can destroy all the colonies.
References
Addicott JF (1979) A multispecies aphid–ant association: density dependence and species-specific
effects. Can J Zool 57:558–569
Al-Antary TM, Abdel-Wali MI (2016) Response of the parasitoid, Aphidius matricariae Haliday
(Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) mummy to cold storage. Adv Environ Biol 10:124–130
Alikhani M, Rezwani A, Starý P, Kavallieratos NG, Rakhshani E (2013) Aphid parasitoids
(Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in cultivated and non-cultivated areas of Markazi
Province, Iran. Biologia 68:966–973
Al-Rawy MA, Kaddou IK, Starý P (1969) Predation of Chrysopa carnea Steph. On mummified
aphids and its possible significance in population growth of pea aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae).
Bull Biol Res Centre, Baghdad 4:30–40
Ameri M, Rasekh A, Michaud JP, Allahyari H (2013) Morphometric indicators for quality
assessment in the aphid parasitoid, Lysiphlebus fabarum (Braconidae: Aphidiinae). Eur J
Entomol 110:519–525
Ameri M, Rasekh A, Michaud JP (2014) Body size affects host defensive behavior and progeny
fitness in a parasitoid wasp, Lysiphlebus fabarum. Entomol Exp Appl 150:259–268
Ameri M, Rasekh A, Mohammadi Z (2015) A comparison of life history traits of sexual and asexual
strains of the parasitoid wasp, Lysiphlebus fabarum (Braconidae: Aphidiinae). Ecol Entomol
40:50–56
Amini B, Madadi H, Desneux N, Lotfalizadeh HA (2012) Impact of irrigation systems on seasonal
occurrence of Brevicoryne brassicae and its parasitism by Diaeretiella rapae on canola. J
Entomol Res Soc 14:15–26
Andersen JC, Mills NJ (2016) Geographic origins and post-introduction hybridization between
strains of Trioxys pallidus introduced to western North America for the biological control of
walnut and filbert aphids. Biol Control 103:218–229
9 Aphid Parasitoids: Aphidiinae (Hym., Braconidae)
381