(Ulmus spp.) (Starý et al. 2000; Barahoei et al. 2013). Trioxys pallidus was also
reared from Tinocallis species on elms in urban areas.
Furthermore, there are many gall making aphids of the genera Eriosoma Leach,
Colopha Monell, Kaltenbachiella Schouteden, Tetraneura Hartig are living on elms
(Rezwani 2001, 2004), free of parasitoid. Areopraon lepelleyi (Waterson), is
recently recorded as a parasitoid of Eriosoma lanuginosum (Hartig) on Ulmus
carpinifolia (Kazemzadeh et al. 2009; Rakhshani et al. 2012b). Because of various
reasons, especially activity of the predatory bugs, these aphids have no economic
importance.
9.4.3 Aphid Parasitoids in Natural Ecosystems, Economically
Indifferent Species
It has already been confirmed that the majority of species can be found in natural
ecosystems with considerably higher rate of diversity both in flora and fauna
(Alikhani et al. 2013; Nazari et al. 2012; Barahoei et al. 2013; Taheri and Rakhshani
2013). It is critically important to understand the species diversity and the trophic
networks for both aphids and their parasitoids in the simple or complex natural
environments. Many aphid species are strictly associated with the host plant, which
never considered for the economic purposes by the human. From the same group,
there are even very rare species, which has not even a single recorded parasitoid. It is
clear that the phrase of economically indifferent species directly refers to the
importance of the host plant. The point is on the other hand, aphids which are the
host of parasitoid species manifesting a broader host range including the economically important aphids. These group of parasitoids can colonize on these alternative
hosts out of growing season, then they can recover their population on the aphids on
crops. A list of economically indifferent aphid species with their parasitoids is
presented in Table 9.6. There are two groups of parasitoid species: a) the species
that are associated with aphids living solely on few non-economic host plants; b) the
parasitoids species associated with the aphids that encountered on various host plant
including economic species (Agricultural, ornamental, etc..). The second group are
generally the parasitoids with broader host range that can occasionally be considered
as economically important species. In some cases, the aphid may have different
parasitoids on different host plants. The similar consequences can be simply happened for the holocyclic aphids living on two different host plant groups. Generally,
parasitoids are dispersing, where the alate aphids migrate in the late season.
Depending on preference of the parasitoids, they may share the same host aphid in
two different habitats or even move to the colony of second aphid species, living on
the secondary host plant. As it is shown in Table 9.6, Macrosiphoniella aphids are
not economically important species. They are generally associated with Artemisia
and do not have any direct connection with crops, as well as their aphidiine
parasitoids (Kavallieratos et al. 2004; Starý 2006).
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E. Rakhshani and P. Starý
reared from Tinocallis species on elms in urban areas.
Furthermore, there are many gall making aphids of the genera Eriosoma Leach,
Colopha Monell, Kaltenbachiella Schouteden, Tetraneura Hartig are living on elms
(Rezwani 2001, 2004), free of parasitoid. Areopraon lepelleyi (Waterson), is
recently recorded as a parasitoid of Eriosoma lanuginosum (Hartig) on Ulmus
carpinifolia (Kazemzadeh et al. 2009; Rakhshani et al. 2012b). Because of various
reasons, especially activity of the predatory bugs, these aphids have no economic
importance.
9.4.3 Aphid Parasitoids in Natural Ecosystems, Economically
Indifferent Species
It has already been confirmed that the majority of species can be found in natural
ecosystems with considerably higher rate of diversity both in flora and fauna
(Alikhani et al. 2013; Nazari et al. 2012; Barahoei et al. 2013; Taheri and Rakhshani
2013). It is critically important to understand the species diversity and the trophic
networks for both aphids and their parasitoids in the simple or complex natural
environments. Many aphid species are strictly associated with the host plant, which
never considered for the economic purposes by the human. From the same group,
there are even very rare species, which has not even a single recorded parasitoid. It is
clear that the phrase of economically indifferent species directly refers to the
importance of the host plant. The point is on the other hand, aphids which are the
host of parasitoid species manifesting a broader host range including the economically important aphids. These group of parasitoids can colonize on these alternative
hosts out of growing season, then they can recover their population on the aphids on
crops. A list of economically indifferent aphid species with their parasitoids is
presented in Table 9.6. There are two groups of parasitoid species: a) the species
that are associated with aphids living solely on few non-economic host plants; b) the
parasitoids species associated with the aphids that encountered on various host plant
including economic species (Agricultural, ornamental, etc..). The second group are
generally the parasitoids with broader host range that can occasionally be considered
as economically important species. In some cases, the aphid may have different
parasitoids on different host plants. The similar consequences can be simply happened for the holocyclic aphids living on two different host plant groups. Generally,
parasitoids are dispersing, where the alate aphids migrate in the late season.
Depending on preference of the parasitoids, they may share the same host aphid in
two different habitats or even move to the colony of second aphid species, living on
the secondary host plant. As it is shown in Table 9.6, Macrosiphoniella aphids are
not economically important species. They are generally associated with Artemisia
and do not have any direct connection with crops, as well as their aphidiine
parasitoids (Kavallieratos et al. 2004; Starý 2006).
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E. Rakhshani and P. Starý