(Fig. 9.4). In the subtropical zone and up to the semi desert and desert zones the plant
diversity may even be very rich up to respectively reduced, the same with the aphid
and parasitoid associations (Pons and Lumbierres 2004; Mossadegh et al. 2011,
2016). The composition of plants, aphids and parasitoids is usually reduced to some
mostly common pests on the cultivated plants and weeds.
Fig. 9.4 The common aphids and their parasitoids on poplar and willows: (a, b) Chaitophorus
salijaponicus niger Mordvilko and Chaitophorus leucomelas Koch on Salix sp. and Populus nigra,
respectively parasitized by Adialytus salicaphis (Fitch); (c) Aphis farinosa Gmelin on Salix
sp. parasitized by Lysiphlebus confusus Tremblay & Eady; (d) Pterocomma sp. on Salix
sp. parasitized by Euaphidius cingulatus (Ruthe); (e) colony of Tuberolachnus salignus (Gmelin)
on Salix sp.; (f) Pemphigus spirothecae Passerini parasitized by Monoctonia vesicarii Tremblay
(and including hyperparasitoid) inside the leaf galls; (g) Colony of Eriosoma lanuginosum (Hartig)
on leaves of Ulmus carpinifolia parasitized by Areopraon lepelleyi (Waterson)
9 Aphid Parasitoids: Aphidiinae (Hym., Braconidae)
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