7.3 Recent Improvements
7.3.1 Chalcididae
The family Chalcididae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) is a medium-sized family
within the Chalcidoidea superfamily, including more than 1500 species and 90 genera worldwide (Noyes 2018). Some species are internal and external primary
parasitoids while several species are hyperparasitoids on a wide range of other
insects (Habu 1960; Narendran 1986; Fry 1989; Delvare and Bouček 1992; Noyes
2018).
Table 7.4 Chalcidoid parasitoids of grape berry moth in Iran
Parasitoids
Host stage
Generation
1st
2nd
3rd
Chalcididae
Brachymeria minuta (L.)
Pupae
+
+
À
Hockeria unicolor (Walker)
Pupae
+
+
À
Pteromalidae
Coelopisthia pachycera (Masi)
Pupae
+
+
À
Coelopisthia sp.
À
+
+
À
Dibrachys affinis (Masi)
Pupae
?
?
?
Pteromalus puparum (L.)
Pupae
À
À
+
Homoporus sp.
Larvae
?
?
?
Trichogrammatidae
Trichogramma embryophagum (Hartig)
Egg
+
À
À
Trichogramma ingricum (Sorokin)
Egg
+
À
À
Table 7.3 (continued)
Family
Genus
Species
Host
References
Sympiesis
S. xanthostoma
(Nees)
Liriomyza trifolii and
Chromatomyia
horticola
Lotfalizadeh et al.
(2015)
Sympiesis sp.
Liriomyza trifolii and
Chromatomyia
horticola
Lotfalizadeh et al.
(2015)
Pteromalidae Cyrtogaster
Cyrtogaster
vulgaris (Walker)
Chromatomyia
horticola
Lotfalizadeh and
Gharali (2008),
Lotfalizadeh et al.
(2015)
Halticoptera
Halticoptera
andriescui
(Mitroiu)
Chromatomyia
horticola
Ranji et al. (2015)
Pteromalus
Pteromalus sp.
Chromatomyia
horticola
Lotfalizadeh et al.
(2015)
Sphegigaster
Sphegigaster
ineus (Mitroiu)
Phyllonorycter
medicaginella
Lotfalizadeh et al.
(2015)
240
H. Lotfalizadeh and A. Mohammadi-Khoramabadi