Sublethal effects of endosulfan, imidacloprid, and indoxacarb were investigated
on C. carnea adults using a demographic toxicology method at concentrations of
317, 46, and 9 mg AI/lit (as LC 25 ), respectively. The net reproductive rate (R 0 )
and intrinsic rate of natural increase (r m ) of the predator were estimated 125, 93 and
61 female/female/generation, and 0.161, 0.157 and 0.136 female/female/day in
imidacloprid, endosulfan and indoxacarb-treated insects, respectively. The results
revealed that indoxacarb was more toxic to adult stage of this predaor than the other
two compounds (Golmohammadi et al. 2013).
Ahmadzadeh and Hatami (2006) investigated the effects of single and combined
use of 0.3 ml/l confidor (35% SC) and C. carnea against different nymphal instars of
T. vaporariorum on tomato plants. Egg releases of the predator at a 1:1 predator-prey
ratio caused inadequate reduction of the pest population. Nonetheless, pest elimination was observed after three releases of the predator beginning 20 days after
spraying.
5.10 Conclusion
Among several species of chrysopids that have been reported from Iran, C. carnea
has received the most attention as a biological control agent for research and
practical purposes. Despite the unique potential of C. carnea, it has not yet been
used as a commercial biological control agent in Iran. Rearing systems for C. carnea
are kept at small-scale educational/research level; consequently, few studies have
been conducted to increase C. carnea production commercially. Low-cost and
mechanized methods for mass rearing larvae and appropriate inundative release
techniques are still needed. There are not enough producers for lacewing production
in Iran. Continuous production with desirable quality and quantity of lacewings and
other natural enemies is necessary for successful application of these biocontrol
agents in the fields and greenhouses. By employing natural enemies including
C. carnea in IPM programs, the use of pesticides will be reduced and the utilization
of higher doses of insecticides will be avoided.
References
Ahmadzadeh Z, Hatami B (2006) Evaluation of integrated control of greenhouse whitefly,
Trialeurodes vaporariorum West using Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) and insecticide
confidor in greenhouse conditions. J Sci Tech Agri Natur Res 9(4):239–251
Ahmadzadeh Z, Hatami B (2014) Feeding potential and survival of predator, Chrysoperla carnea
on greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum in laboratory conditions. Plant Prot J 6
(2):113–121
Asadi M (2010) Identification of Neuroptera fauna from Eslamabad-e Gharb and Sarpol-e Zahab
cities in Kermanshah province. M. Sc. Thesis, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
190
M. Hassanpour et al.
on C. carnea adults using a demographic toxicology method at concentrations of
317, 46, and 9 mg AI/lit (as LC 25 ), respectively. The net reproductive rate (R 0 )
and intrinsic rate of natural increase (r m ) of the predator were estimated 125, 93 and
61 female/female/generation, and 0.161, 0.157 and 0.136 female/female/day in
imidacloprid, endosulfan and indoxacarb-treated insects, respectively. The results
revealed that indoxacarb was more toxic to adult stage of this predaor than the other
two compounds (Golmohammadi et al. 2013).
Ahmadzadeh and Hatami (2006) investigated the effects of single and combined
use of 0.3 ml/l confidor (35% SC) and C. carnea against different nymphal instars of
T. vaporariorum on tomato plants. Egg releases of the predator at a 1:1 predator-prey
ratio caused inadequate reduction of the pest population. Nonetheless, pest elimination was observed after three releases of the predator beginning 20 days after
spraying.
5.10 Conclusion
Among several species of chrysopids that have been reported from Iran, C. carnea
has received the most attention as a biological control agent for research and
practical purposes. Despite the unique potential of C. carnea, it has not yet been
used as a commercial biological control agent in Iran. Rearing systems for C. carnea
are kept at small-scale educational/research level; consequently, few studies have
been conducted to increase C. carnea production commercially. Low-cost and
mechanized methods for mass rearing larvae and appropriate inundative release
techniques are still needed. There are not enough producers for lacewing production
in Iran. Continuous production with desirable quality and quantity of lacewings and
other natural enemies is necessary for successful application of these biocontrol
agents in the fields and greenhouses. By employing natural enemies including
C. carnea in IPM programs, the use of pesticides will be reduced and the utilization
of higher doses of insecticides will be avoided.
References
Ahmadzadeh Z, Hatami B (2006) Evaluation of integrated control of greenhouse whitefly,
Trialeurodes vaporariorum West using Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) and insecticide
confidor in greenhouse conditions. J Sci Tech Agri Natur Res 9(4):239–251
Ahmadzadeh Z, Hatami B (2014) Feeding potential and survival of predator, Chrysoperla carnea
on greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum in laboratory conditions. Plant Prot J 6
(2):113–121
Asadi M (2010) Identification of Neuroptera fauna from Eslamabad-e Gharb and Sarpol-e Zahab
cities in Kermanshah province. M. Sc. Thesis, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
190
M. Hassanpour et al.