eggs in an agar solution and second larval instars mixed with sawdust were released
for controlling the most important cotton pests.
Four releases of second instar larvae of C. carnea at release rates of
10,000–12,000/ha resulted in 63.1%, 72.0%, 82.3%, and 60.0% reduction in
Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordvilko (Hemiptera: Aphididae), B. tabaci, Ap. gossypii,
and Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) populations, respectively. Egg
releases of C. carnea did not contribute to satisfactory reduction in cotton pests
(Jooyandeh 1999). Although lacewings are commonly released as eggs, larval
releases may sometimes be more effective. However, larval release is more expensive than egg release.
C. carnea eggs were released to control the pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola
(Foerster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), which is one of the most important pests of pear
trees in Iran. Mature lacewing eggs were glued together with S. cerealella eggs on
cards (Fig. 5.3c). Satisfactory reduction of pear psylla was achieved using 200 eggs/
tree (two ChrysoCards for each tree; Fig. 5.3d) at proper time points. The cards are
easy and safe to install and protect the beneficial organisms against rain and radiation
(Jooyandeh 2009).
In a greenhouse experiment on cucumber plants in ventilated cages, the effectiveness of two different lacewing release methods against Ap. gossypii were compared. A small net bag and sawdust were used as carriers of C. carnea eggs. The
results showed that small net bags were more effective than sawdust (RafieeKarahroudi and Hatami 2003).
Several species of parasitoids attack Chrysoperla eggs and larvae, and parasitism rate can be high, especially at the end of the season. Telenomus acrobats Giard
(Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) is a factor contributing to decreasing efficiency as well
as population changes of C. carnea under natural conditions in Varamin region
(Shahpouri-Arani et al. 2005). In some cases, release of mature eggs can greatly
reduce parasitism (Tauber et al. 2000).
Pesticides play an essential role in alleviating Iranian farmer pest problems, albeit
temporarily. By combining the advantages of both chemical and biological methods,
greater pest suppression may be obtained. In situations where natural enemies are not
present in sufficient numbers to provide adequate control, it may be helpful to release
mass reared predators/parasitoids or combine them with other tactics suppressing
pest arthropods more efficiently. By far, the greatest concern about the combined
release of C. carnea and pesticide spraying is related to lethal effects (mortality
assessed as LD 50 , LC 50 , etc.); however, few cases have considered sublethal effects
such as changes in developmental rates, fecundity, and fertility.
Saber et al. (2018) stated that emamectin benzoate and spinosad at recommended
field concentrations had negligible toxicity on second instar larvae of C. carnea. In
two other stidies, the lethal effects of four insecticides (imidacloprid, lufenuron,
thiamethoxam, and thiodicarb) were examined on male and female adults (Ayubi
et al. 2014) as well as eggs and first instar larvae of C. carnea (Ayubi et al. 2013).
The findings showed that males were more susceptible than females and that
thiamethoxam was highly toxic on adults and immature stages whereas lufenuron
proved to be the least toxic.
5 Lacewings: Research and Applied Aspects
189
for controlling the most important cotton pests.
Four releases of second instar larvae of C. carnea at release rates of
10,000–12,000/ha resulted in 63.1%, 72.0%, 82.3%, and 60.0% reduction in
Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordvilko (Hemiptera: Aphididae), B. tabaci, Ap. gossypii,
and Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) populations, respectively. Egg
releases of C. carnea did not contribute to satisfactory reduction in cotton pests
(Jooyandeh 1999). Although lacewings are commonly released as eggs, larval
releases may sometimes be more effective. However, larval release is more expensive than egg release.
C. carnea eggs were released to control the pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola
(Foerster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), which is one of the most important pests of pear
trees in Iran. Mature lacewing eggs were glued together with S. cerealella eggs on
cards (Fig. 5.3c). Satisfactory reduction of pear psylla was achieved using 200 eggs/
tree (two ChrysoCards for each tree; Fig. 5.3d) at proper time points. The cards are
easy and safe to install and protect the beneficial organisms against rain and radiation
(Jooyandeh 2009).
In a greenhouse experiment on cucumber plants in ventilated cages, the effectiveness of two different lacewing release methods against Ap. gossypii were compared. A small net bag and sawdust were used as carriers of C. carnea eggs. The
results showed that small net bags were more effective than sawdust (RafieeKarahroudi and Hatami 2003).
Several species of parasitoids attack Chrysoperla eggs and larvae, and parasitism rate can be high, especially at the end of the season. Telenomus acrobats Giard
(Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) is a factor contributing to decreasing efficiency as well
as population changes of C. carnea under natural conditions in Varamin region
(Shahpouri-Arani et al. 2005). In some cases, release of mature eggs can greatly
reduce parasitism (Tauber et al. 2000).
Pesticides play an essential role in alleviating Iranian farmer pest problems, albeit
temporarily. By combining the advantages of both chemical and biological methods,
greater pest suppression may be obtained. In situations where natural enemies are not
present in sufficient numbers to provide adequate control, it may be helpful to release
mass reared predators/parasitoids or combine them with other tactics suppressing
pest arthropods more efficiently. By far, the greatest concern about the combined
release of C. carnea and pesticide spraying is related to lethal effects (mortality
assessed as LD 50 , LC 50 , etc.); however, few cases have considered sublethal effects
such as changes in developmental rates, fecundity, and fertility.
Saber et al. (2018) stated that emamectin benzoate and spinosad at recommended
field concentrations had negligible toxicity on second instar larvae of C. carnea. In
two other stidies, the lethal effects of four insecticides (imidacloprid, lufenuron,
thiamethoxam, and thiodicarb) were examined on male and female adults (Ayubi
et al. 2014) as well as eggs and first instar larvae of C. carnea (Ayubi et al. 2013).
The findings showed that males were more susceptible than females and that
thiamethoxam was highly toxic on adults and immature stages whereas lufenuron
proved to be the least toxic.
5 Lacewings: Research and Applied Aspects
189