Ahmadzadeh and Hatami (2014) investigated the predatory potential of C. carnea
on Trialeurodes vaporariorum West (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) under laboratory
conditions and concluded that a single C. carnea larva consumed an average of
215 different nymphal instars of T. vaporariorum during its total larval period.
However, all of the third instar larvae died before reaching the adult stage.
Sarailoo and Lakzaei (2014) investigated the effects of artificial diets on biological parameters of C. carnea. The predator was reared for seven generations to
provide a homogenous population under laboratory conditions. The impact of six
different diets [a mixture of 30% concentrations of glucose, fructose, and sucrose
(in a ratio of 1:1:1); glucose, fructose, sucrose plus extract of S. cerealella eggs (in a
ratio of 1:1); glucose, fructose, sucrose plus extract of Anagasta kuehniella eggs (in a
ratio of 1:1); a mixture of honey, yeast, and distilled water (in a ratio of 1:1:1);
honey, yeast plus extract of S. cerealella eggs (in a ratio of 1:1:1), and honey, yeast
plus extract of A. kuehniella eggs (in a ratio of 1:1:1)] was assessed on biological
parameters of the predator. The results showed that the artificial diet including
mixture of honey, yeast and extract of A. kuehniella eggs had more positive effects
on biological parameters of the predator than the other diets.
The effects of different starvation levels of C. carnea larvae on functional
response of the predator to nymphs of Aphis fabae (Scopoli) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
were investigated (Hassanpour et al. 2015). At three hunger levels (4, 12, and 24 h),
the functional response types of first and second instar larvae of the predator were II,
II, III and III, III, II, respectively. At 2, 4 and 8 h hunger levels, the third instar larvae
of C. carnea showed types II, II and III functional response, respectively. For the
first instar larvae of predator, the handling times were not significantly different
among various hunger levels. However, for the second and third instar larvae, there
was significant difference in handling times estimated at different hunger levels. This
study indicated that predator hunger level can change its functional response type as
well as the parameters. The last instar larvae of C. carnea killed approximately
150 third and fourth nymphal instars of A. fabae during 8 h, showing its high
potential in biological control of the aphid.
Prey type is an important element for suitable mass rearing of the predators in
IPM programs. Takalloozadeh (2015) investigated the effect of some prey species on
biological attributes of C. carnea. Their findings revealed that pre-imaginal and total
developmental times of C. carnea were significantly influenced by prey species.
Total developmental time was estimated to be 19.63 Æ 0.125, 20.63 Æ 0.180,
22.06 Æ 0.183, 22.35 Æ 0.120, and 23.81 Æ 0.356 days on Aphis gossypii (Glover),
M. persicae, Aphis punicae (Passerini), A. fabae and Aphis craccivora
(Koch) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), respectively. The fecundity of C. carnea was
highest on M. persicae (478.50 Æ 8.38 eggs) and lowest on A. craccivora
(242.78 Æ 7.37 eggs). The highest female longevity of the predator was on
M. persicae. According to the results, nymphs of M. persicae and Ap. gossypii
were more appropriate preys than others because the preimaginal developmental
period of C. carnea was shorter with higher adult longevity, fecundity and survival
percentage.
5 Lacewings: Research and Applied Aspects
187
on Trialeurodes vaporariorum West (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) under laboratory
conditions and concluded that a single C. carnea larva consumed an average of
215 different nymphal instars of T. vaporariorum during its total larval period.
However, all of the third instar larvae died before reaching the adult stage.
Sarailoo and Lakzaei (2014) investigated the effects of artificial diets on biological parameters of C. carnea. The predator was reared for seven generations to
provide a homogenous population under laboratory conditions. The impact of six
different diets [a mixture of 30% concentrations of glucose, fructose, and sucrose
(in a ratio of 1:1:1); glucose, fructose, sucrose plus extract of S. cerealella eggs (in a
ratio of 1:1); glucose, fructose, sucrose plus extract of Anagasta kuehniella eggs (in a
ratio of 1:1); a mixture of honey, yeast, and distilled water (in a ratio of 1:1:1);
honey, yeast plus extract of S. cerealella eggs (in a ratio of 1:1:1), and honey, yeast
plus extract of A. kuehniella eggs (in a ratio of 1:1:1)] was assessed on biological
parameters of the predator. The results showed that the artificial diet including
mixture of honey, yeast and extract of A. kuehniella eggs had more positive effects
on biological parameters of the predator than the other diets.
The effects of different starvation levels of C. carnea larvae on functional
response of the predator to nymphs of Aphis fabae (Scopoli) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
were investigated (Hassanpour et al. 2015). At three hunger levels (4, 12, and 24 h),
the functional response types of first and second instar larvae of the predator were II,
II, III and III, III, II, respectively. At 2, 4 and 8 h hunger levels, the third instar larvae
of C. carnea showed types II, II and III functional response, respectively. For the
first instar larvae of predator, the handling times were not significantly different
among various hunger levels. However, for the second and third instar larvae, there
was significant difference in handling times estimated at different hunger levels. This
study indicated that predator hunger level can change its functional response type as
well as the parameters. The last instar larvae of C. carnea killed approximately
150 third and fourth nymphal instars of A. fabae during 8 h, showing its high
potential in biological control of the aphid.
Prey type is an important element for suitable mass rearing of the predators in
IPM programs. Takalloozadeh (2015) investigated the effect of some prey species on
biological attributes of C. carnea. Their findings revealed that pre-imaginal and total
developmental times of C. carnea were significantly influenced by prey species.
Total developmental time was estimated to be 19.63 Æ 0.125, 20.63 Æ 0.180,
22.06 Æ 0.183, 22.35 Æ 0.120, and 23.81 Æ 0.356 days on Aphis gossypii (Glover),
M. persicae, Aphis punicae (Passerini), A. fabae and Aphis craccivora
(Koch) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), respectively. The fecundity of C. carnea was
highest on M. persicae (478.50 Æ 8.38 eggs) and lowest on A. craccivora
(242.78 Æ 7.37 eggs). The highest female longevity of the predator was on
M. persicae. According to the results, nymphs of M. persicae and Ap. gossypii
were more appropriate preys than others because the preimaginal developmental
period of C. carnea was shorter with higher adult longevity, fecundity and survival
percentage.
5 Lacewings: Research and Applied Aspects
187