the aphids on these plants, respectively. The results indicated that the biological
parameters of C. carnea larvae can be affected by the quality of prey.
Various species in carnea complex of the common green lacewing are predators
of common pistachio psylla, A. pistaciae in cultivated as well as wild pistachio plants
in Iran. Kazemi and Mehrnejad (2011) studied the seasonal occurrence and trends in
the abundance of green lacewings on pistachio orchards during 2007 and 2008.
Moreover, the effect of different temperatures on preimaginal development, survival
rate, and prey consumption of C. lucasina in feeding on A. pistaciae nymphs was
investigated. The adults appeared on pistachio trees in mid-April and were abundant
in early July; subsequently, they decreased in summer and increased again in
October. The relative density of green lacewing in pistachio orchards was higher
when the ground was covered by weed plants. C. lucasina females laid about 1085
eggs during 60 days at 22.5
C. The C. lucasina larvae consumed up to 1812 fourth
instar nymphs of A. pistaciae during their total larval period at 35
C. The net
reproductive rate (R 0 ) and intrinsic rate of increase (r m ) of predator were estimated to
be 286.90 female/female/generation and 0.11 female/female/day, respectively.
Degree-day requirement for the development of C. lucasina (egg to adult) was
estimated 385
D.
Naderian et al. (2012) investigated the fauna of natural enemies in corn fields
and surrounding grasslands of Semnan province. Among fifty-four predator and
parasitoid species from 12 families, there were one species of Chrysopidae and
Trichogrammatidae; two species of Chalcididae; three species of Asilidae and
Eulophidae; four species of Tachinidae; five species of Coccinellidae; six species of
Syrphidae; seven species of Braconidae, Carabidae and Staphylinidae and eight
species of Ichneumonidae.
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most important pests of different crops, and lacewings are widely used as predatory species in
biological control programs against this pest. Baghdadi et al. (2012) investigated
the biological parameters of C. lucasina on this pest in laboratory. In this study,
the gravid females of C. lucasina were collected from Sarepol-e Zahab in western
Iran. The larvae were offered different diets consisting of a silver leaf whitefly
B. tabaci, green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and
also lyophilized powder of drone honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). The results showed
that the larvae had maximum duration of 27 Æ 0.33 days when fed on honeybee
lyophilized powder, followed by M. persicae (25 Æ 0.27 days) and B. tabaci
(17.9 Æ 0.3 days). Furthermore, they showed a prey preference for M. persicae
compared with B. tabaci as the former has a larger body size and is thus more easily
found and captured by the predator larvae. There was a significant difference in the
number of preys consumed by the predator larvae. The results showed that when the
predator larvae had been fed on B. tabaci, their developmental times were shorter
and their adult fertility was increased. The results indicated that the suitable prey not
only accelerated developmental stages of the predator but also promoted the fecundity of the resulting adults through increasing the pupal weight.
186
M. Hassanpour et al.
parameters of C. carnea larvae can be affected by the quality of prey.
Various species in carnea complex of the common green lacewing are predators
of common pistachio psylla, A. pistaciae in cultivated as well as wild pistachio plants
in Iran. Kazemi and Mehrnejad (2011) studied the seasonal occurrence and trends in
the abundance of green lacewings on pistachio orchards during 2007 and 2008.
Moreover, the effect of different temperatures on preimaginal development, survival
rate, and prey consumption of C. lucasina in feeding on A. pistaciae nymphs was
investigated. The adults appeared on pistachio trees in mid-April and were abundant
in early July; subsequently, they decreased in summer and increased again in
October. The relative density of green lacewing in pistachio orchards was higher
when the ground was covered by weed plants. C. lucasina females laid about 1085
eggs during 60 days at 22.5
C. The C. lucasina larvae consumed up to 1812 fourth
instar nymphs of A. pistaciae during their total larval period at 35
C. The net
reproductive rate (R 0 ) and intrinsic rate of increase (r m ) of predator were estimated to
be 286.90 female/female/generation and 0.11 female/female/day, respectively.
Degree-day requirement for the development of C. lucasina (egg to adult) was
estimated 385
D.
Naderian et al. (2012) investigated the fauna of natural enemies in corn fields
and surrounding grasslands of Semnan province. Among fifty-four predator and
parasitoid species from 12 families, there were one species of Chrysopidae and
Trichogrammatidae; two species of Chalcididae; three species of Asilidae and
Eulophidae; four species of Tachinidae; five species of Coccinellidae; six species of
Syrphidae; seven species of Braconidae, Carabidae and Staphylinidae and eight
species of Ichneumonidae.
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most important pests of different crops, and lacewings are widely used as predatory species in
biological control programs against this pest. Baghdadi et al. (2012) investigated
the biological parameters of C. lucasina on this pest in laboratory. In this study,
the gravid females of C. lucasina were collected from Sarepol-e Zahab in western
Iran. The larvae were offered different diets consisting of a silver leaf whitefly
B. tabaci, green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and
also lyophilized powder of drone honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). The results showed
that the larvae had maximum duration of 27 Æ 0.33 days when fed on honeybee
lyophilized powder, followed by M. persicae (25 Æ 0.27 days) and B. tabaci
(17.9 Æ 0.3 days). Furthermore, they showed a prey preference for M. persicae
compared with B. tabaci as the former has a larger body size and is thus more easily
found and captured by the predator larvae. There was a significant difference in the
number of preys consumed by the predator larvae. The results showed that when the
predator larvae had been fed on B. tabaci, their developmental times were shorter
and their adult fertility was increased. The results indicated that the suitable prey not
only accelerated developmental stages of the predator but also promoted the fecundity of the resulting adults through increasing the pupal weight.
186
M. Hassanpour et al.