these three pesticides cause 100% mortality within 24 h and were classified as
harmful for the predator.
Nadimi et al. (2008, 2009) showed hexythiazox is a harmless miticide to
P. plumifer and P. persimilis but fenpyroximate and abamectin were found harmful
to both predatory mites at the highest field recommended concentrations. They
suggested acaricide hexythiazox could be an appropriate substitute to
Fenpyroximate and abamectin in integrated pest management (IPM) programs.
Also, Sanatgar et al. (2011) expressed hexathiazox can be used against T. urticae
without causing the adverse effect on population growth parameters of its predator,
P. persimilis. While frequent applications of bifenazate influenced on biological
parameters of this predatory mite (Sanatgar et al. 2012). In a research, lethal and
sublethal doses of kingbo and azoxystrobin did not show a significant effect on
fecundities of P. persimilis and percentage of egg hatchability increased in
recommended dose of floramite in comparison with control treatment (Khajavi
et al. 2011).
Two studies carried out by Hamedi et al. (2010, 2011) demonstrated that sublethal concentrations of abamectin and fenpyroximate can significantly reduce the
population growth of P. plumifer and this should be considered in integrated pest
management programs. Also, in another study, Hamedi et al. (2009) showed prey
consumption of female mites was strongly affected by all concentrations of the two
acaricides. One study has been stated fenazaquin should not be used with predatory
mite A. swirskii in integrated management of T. urticae (Alinejad et al. 2014) while
in another study, Alinejad et al. (2016) showed sublethal dosage of spirodiclofen has
not adverse effect on population parameters of A. swirskii. Ghaderi et al. (2013)
exhibited fenpyroximate had a negative effect on life table parameters of
P. persimilis and should not be used simultaneously in integrated pest management
programs. Kaveh et al. (2013) investigated the effect of three botanical insecticides
on P. persimilis and showed these insecticides can be considered in the IPM of the
two-spotted spider mite. Aflaki et al. (2016) evaluated effects of two compounds
including azadirachtin and spirodiclofen on some biological parameters and predation rate of N. californicus and showed these pesticides did not have significant
adverse effects on the predatory mite and especially spirodiclofen could be used in
IPM programs. In another study, the effect of these both pesticides on biological and
predation characteristics of T. bagdasarjani was studied and demonstrated
that Azadirachtin was safer than spirodiclofen for this species (Seidpisheh et al.
2016). Therefore, integration of predatory mites with compatible acaricides could
reduce environment hazards, which is an objective of IPM programs (Hamedi et al.
2011).
3.2.1.4.7 Interactions among Biocontrol Agents
Intraguild Predation
When several predator species compete for the same prey, intraguild predation (IGP)
takes place (Gardiner and Landis 2007). IGP is seen as a common phenomenon
102
H. Hajiqanbar and A. Farazmand
harmful for the predator.
Nadimi et al. (2008, 2009) showed hexythiazox is a harmless miticide to
P. plumifer and P. persimilis but fenpyroximate and abamectin were found harmful
to both predatory mites at the highest field recommended concentrations. They
suggested acaricide hexythiazox could be an appropriate substitute to
Fenpyroximate and abamectin in integrated pest management (IPM) programs.
Also, Sanatgar et al. (2011) expressed hexathiazox can be used against T. urticae
without causing the adverse effect on population growth parameters of its predator,
P. persimilis. While frequent applications of bifenazate influenced on biological
parameters of this predatory mite (Sanatgar et al. 2012). In a research, lethal and
sublethal doses of kingbo and azoxystrobin did not show a significant effect on
fecundities of P. persimilis and percentage of egg hatchability increased in
recommended dose of floramite in comparison with control treatment (Khajavi
et al. 2011).
Two studies carried out by Hamedi et al. (2010, 2011) demonstrated that sublethal concentrations of abamectin and fenpyroximate can significantly reduce the
population growth of P. plumifer and this should be considered in integrated pest
management programs. Also, in another study, Hamedi et al. (2009) showed prey
consumption of female mites was strongly affected by all concentrations of the two
acaricides. One study has been stated fenazaquin should not be used with predatory
mite A. swirskii in integrated management of T. urticae (Alinejad et al. 2014) while
in another study, Alinejad et al. (2016) showed sublethal dosage of spirodiclofen has
not adverse effect on population parameters of A. swirskii. Ghaderi et al. (2013)
exhibited fenpyroximate had a negative effect on life table parameters of
P. persimilis and should not be used simultaneously in integrated pest management
programs. Kaveh et al. (2013) investigated the effect of three botanical insecticides
on P. persimilis and showed these insecticides can be considered in the IPM of the
two-spotted spider mite. Aflaki et al. (2016) evaluated effects of two compounds
including azadirachtin and spirodiclofen on some biological parameters and predation rate of N. californicus and showed these pesticides did not have significant
adverse effects on the predatory mite and especially spirodiclofen could be used in
IPM programs. In another study, the effect of these both pesticides on biological and
predation characteristics of T. bagdasarjani was studied and demonstrated
that Azadirachtin was safer than spirodiclofen for this species (Seidpisheh et al.
2016). Therefore, integration of predatory mites with compatible acaricides could
reduce environment hazards, which is an objective of IPM programs (Hamedi et al.
2011).
3.2.1.4.7 Interactions among Biocontrol Agents
Intraguild Predation
When several predator species compete for the same prey, intraguild predation (IGP)
takes place (Gardiner and Landis 2007). IGP is seen as a common phenomenon
102
H. Hajiqanbar and A. Farazmand