of T. bagdasarjani against spider mites on resistant and susceptible cultivars of eggplant and found that the performance of this predator on resistant cultivar was more
than that on the susceptible one. The effect of susceptible and resistant rose cultivars
on demographic parameters of T. urticae and their predators P. persimilis and
A. swirskii was determined and showed the antibiotic resistance of the rose cultivar
negatively affect the population growth parameters of T. urticae and their both
predators (Alipour et al. 2016). Neoseiulus bakeri showed significant preference to
the cucumber leaves with fewer trichomes in order to lay their eggs and search for
the prey (Maleknia et al. 2014a). In a survey, life table parameters of P. persimilis
were determined on T. urticae reared on the resistant (HED) and susceptible (BethAlfa) cultivars of greenhouse cucumber during the first and tenth generations and
demonstrated that long term feeding can decrease performance of P. persimilis
during ten generations on resistant cucumber cultivar than susceptible one (Bahari
et al. 2018). Hence, the study of interactions between host plant cultivars and
biocontrol agents is important in integrated pest management programs (Fathipour
and Sedaratian 2013).
3.2.1.4.6 The Side Effects of Acaricides on Biocontrol Agents
An understanding of the sublethal effects of pesticides on biological control agents is
important to successful augmentation and conservation programs (Hamedi et al.
2009). Lord (1949) and Lord and MacPhee (1953) were the first ones to assay the
effect of various spray programs on predatory mites. In the early 1990s,
neonicotinoid insecticides were introduced into the market (Nauen et al. 2001).
Among those, low toxicity of imidacloprid has been reported on adult females of
several species of phytoseiid mites such as Neoseiulus collegae (DeLeon),
Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks), Proprioseiopsis mexicanus (Garman) (Mizell
and Sconyers 1992); Amblyseius womersleyi Schicha (Leicht 1993); Typhlodromus
doreenae Schicha, Typhlodromus dossei Schicha (James and Vogele 2001) and
Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) (Sangsoo et al. 2005). Although some studies
have indicated that imidacloprid is a low-risk pesticide to phytoseiid mites, James
(2003) demonstrated that this product to be extremely toxic to Galendromus
occidentalis Nesbitt and Neoseiulus fallacies Garman. Also, Poletti et al. (2007)
showed imidacloprid significantly affected the functional response parameters of
N. californicus. Many studies have demonstrated the adverse effect of abamectin on
fecundity of phytoseiid predators (Zhang and Sanderson 1990; Ibrahim and Yee
2000; Bostanian and Akalach 2006; Nadimi et al. 2009).
The effects of pesticides and their sublethal have been studied on native and
introduced predatory mites in Iran. For example, side effects of three commonly used
pesticides (eptenophos, malathion and primiphos-methyl) were evaluated on an
introduced predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis and have been showed that
heptenophos was more selective for P. persimilis than the two other pesticides tested
and it could be used in integrated control programs (Kavousi and Talebi 2003). In a
study by Noii et al. (2008), the side effects of three pesticides (abamectin, malathion
and phosalone) were evaluated on P. plumifer in the laboratory and was showed
3 Biological Control of Pests by Mites in Iran
101
than that on the susceptible one. The effect of susceptible and resistant rose cultivars
on demographic parameters of T. urticae and their predators P. persimilis and
A. swirskii was determined and showed the antibiotic resistance of the rose cultivar
negatively affect the population growth parameters of T. urticae and their both
predators (Alipour et al. 2016). Neoseiulus bakeri showed significant preference to
the cucumber leaves with fewer trichomes in order to lay their eggs and search for
the prey (Maleknia et al. 2014a). In a survey, life table parameters of P. persimilis
were determined on T. urticae reared on the resistant (HED) and susceptible (BethAlfa) cultivars of greenhouse cucumber during the first and tenth generations and
demonstrated that long term feeding can decrease performance of P. persimilis
during ten generations on resistant cucumber cultivar than susceptible one (Bahari
et al. 2018). Hence, the study of interactions between host plant cultivars and
biocontrol agents is important in integrated pest management programs (Fathipour
and Sedaratian 2013).
3.2.1.4.6 The Side Effects of Acaricides on Biocontrol Agents
An understanding of the sublethal effects of pesticides on biological control agents is
important to successful augmentation and conservation programs (Hamedi et al.
2009). Lord (1949) and Lord and MacPhee (1953) were the first ones to assay the
effect of various spray programs on predatory mites. In the early 1990s,
neonicotinoid insecticides were introduced into the market (Nauen et al. 2001).
Among those, low toxicity of imidacloprid has been reported on adult females of
several species of phytoseiid mites such as Neoseiulus collegae (DeLeon),
Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks), Proprioseiopsis mexicanus (Garman) (Mizell
and Sconyers 1992); Amblyseius womersleyi Schicha (Leicht 1993); Typhlodromus
doreenae Schicha, Typhlodromus dossei Schicha (James and Vogele 2001) and
Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) (Sangsoo et al. 2005). Although some studies
have indicated that imidacloprid is a low-risk pesticide to phytoseiid mites, James
(2003) demonstrated that this product to be extremely toxic to Galendromus
occidentalis Nesbitt and Neoseiulus fallacies Garman. Also, Poletti et al. (2007)
showed imidacloprid significantly affected the functional response parameters of
N. californicus. Many studies have demonstrated the adverse effect of abamectin on
fecundity of phytoseiid predators (Zhang and Sanderson 1990; Ibrahim and Yee
2000; Bostanian and Akalach 2006; Nadimi et al. 2009).
The effects of pesticides and their sublethal have been studied on native and
introduced predatory mites in Iran. For example, side effects of three commonly used
pesticides (eptenophos, malathion and primiphos-methyl) were evaluated on an
introduced predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis and have been showed that
heptenophos was more selective for P. persimilis than the two other pesticides tested
and it could be used in integrated control programs (Kavousi and Talebi 2003). In a
study by Noii et al. (2008), the side effects of three pesticides (abamectin, malathion
and phosalone) were evaluated on P. plumifer in the laboratory and was showed
3 Biological Control of Pests by Mites in Iran
101