73
other factors, increase their production. The excess of free radicals attacks nucleic
acids, proteins, enzymes, and other small molecules, causing them to lose their
structure and function in the human body. There are many pathologies related to the
presence of excess free radicals. Naturally there is a balance between the amount of
free radicals that are produced in the body and the antioxidants that protect it; however, it is necessary to enrich the amount of antioxidants through the consumption
of food to help the human body to reduce this oxidative damage. Currently, the
scientific community works on the search for natural antioxidants (González-Palma
et al. 2016).
Recently, yeasts were isolated from chhurpi with proteolytic activity to hydrolyze milk protein in search of the production of bioactive protein and enhance antioxidant property. A total of 125 proteolytic yeasts were isolated and molecular
identification was made. Kluyveromyces marxianus and Issatchenkia orientalis
were dominant in marketed products and Trichosporon asahii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Exophiala dermatitidis from production centers. Fermentation using
Kluyveromyces marxianus YMP45 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae YAM14 showed
the higher antioxidant activity. The authors indicated that this study was the first on
isolated yeast from fermented food of Northeast India for application in production
of bioactive protein hydrolysate (Rai et al. 2016).
It has been reported that polysaccharides, polysaccharide-peptide complexes,
and phenolic components are responsible for the antioxidant activity of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. However, research has shown that there is a
peptide called Ganoderma lucidum (GLP) and that it is the main antioxidant component. GLP had potent antioxidant activity in both lightproof soybean oil and lard,
tested by lipid peroxidation value. GLP showed a higher antioxidant activity in the
soybean oil system, compared to butylated hydroxytoluene. GLP had scavenging
activity toward hydroxyl radicals produced in a deoxyribose system with an IC 50
value of 25 μg/ml. GLP inhibited the soybean lipoxygenase activity in a dosedependent manner with an IC 50 value of 27.1 μg/ml, and GLP effectively quenched
superoxide radical anion produced by pyrogallol autoxidation in a dose-dependent
manner. In rat liver tissue homogenates and in mitochondrial membrane peroxidation systems, a substantial antioxidant activity generated by GLP was observed.
GLP in a dose-dependent manner acted blocking the auto-hemolysis of rat red blood
cells (Sun et al. 2004).
Recently, the antioxidant activity of a peptide isolated from water extract of
Ganoderma lucidum was evaluated. The molecular weight of purified peptide determined by SDS-PAGE, gel filtration chromatography, and MALDI-TOF MS was
found to be 2.8, 3.34, and 3.35 kDa, respectively. This peptide was rich in phenylalanine, aspartic acid, proline, histidine, and isoleucine. It was suggested that the
beneficial antioxidant properties in this mushroom may be due to low molecular
weight and specific amino acid composition of the peptide (Girjal et al. 2012). A
polypeptide with a molecular weight of 16.5 kDa was isolated from the mushroom
Polyporus adusta. The polypeptide, called as adustin, inhibited translation in a cellfree rabbit reticulocyte lysate system with an IC 50 of 0.34 μM (Ng and Wang 2004).
5 Fungal Productions of Biological Active Proteins
other factors, increase their production. The excess of free radicals attacks nucleic
acids, proteins, enzymes, and other small molecules, causing them to lose their
structure and function in the human body. There are many pathologies related to the
presence of excess free radicals. Naturally there is a balance between the amount of
free radicals that are produced in the body and the antioxidants that protect it; however, it is necessary to enrich the amount of antioxidants through the consumption
of food to help the human body to reduce this oxidative damage. Currently, the
scientific community works on the search for natural antioxidants (González-Palma
et al. 2016).
Recently, yeasts were isolated from chhurpi with proteolytic activity to hydrolyze milk protein in search of the production of bioactive protein and enhance antioxidant property. A total of 125 proteolytic yeasts were isolated and molecular
identification was made. Kluyveromyces marxianus and Issatchenkia orientalis
were dominant in marketed products and Trichosporon asahii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Exophiala dermatitidis from production centers. Fermentation using
Kluyveromyces marxianus YMP45 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae YAM14 showed
the higher antioxidant activity. The authors indicated that this study was the first on
isolated yeast from fermented food of Northeast India for application in production
of bioactive protein hydrolysate (Rai et al. 2016).
It has been reported that polysaccharides, polysaccharide-peptide complexes,
and phenolic components are responsible for the antioxidant activity of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. However, research has shown that there is a
peptide called Ganoderma lucidum (GLP) and that it is the main antioxidant component. GLP had potent antioxidant activity in both lightproof soybean oil and lard,
tested by lipid peroxidation value. GLP showed a higher antioxidant activity in the
soybean oil system, compared to butylated hydroxytoluene. GLP had scavenging
activity toward hydroxyl radicals produced in a deoxyribose system with an IC 50
value of 25 μg/ml. GLP inhibited the soybean lipoxygenase activity in a dosedependent manner with an IC 50 value of 27.1 μg/ml, and GLP effectively quenched
superoxide radical anion produced by pyrogallol autoxidation in a dose-dependent
manner. In rat liver tissue homogenates and in mitochondrial membrane peroxidation systems, a substantial antioxidant activity generated by GLP was observed.
GLP in a dose-dependent manner acted blocking the auto-hemolysis of rat red blood
cells (Sun et al. 2004).
Recently, the antioxidant activity of a peptide isolated from water extract of
Ganoderma lucidum was evaluated. The molecular weight of purified peptide determined by SDS-PAGE, gel filtration chromatography, and MALDI-TOF MS was
found to be 2.8, 3.34, and 3.35 kDa, respectively. This peptide was rich in phenylalanine, aspartic acid, proline, histidine, and isoleucine. It was suggested that the
beneficial antioxidant properties in this mushroom may be due to low molecular
weight and specific amino acid composition of the peptide (Girjal et al. 2012). A
polypeptide with a molecular weight of 16.5 kDa was isolated from the mushroom
Polyporus adusta. The polypeptide, called as adustin, inhibited translation in a cellfree rabbit reticulocyte lysate system with an IC 50 of 0.34 μM (Ng and Wang 2004).
5 Fungal Productions of Biological Active Proteins