66
edible mushrooms, mainly basidiomycetes, have high nutritional value, promote the
immune system, and as a source of natural antimicrobial substances have been used
to cure bacterial infections since ancient times. Various kinds of proteins with several biological activities are produced by mushrooms. This review shows some bioactive peptides obtained from fungi (Table 5.1).
5.2 Inhibition of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme
by Mushroom
In this section, some works on peptides with inhibiting activity of angiotensin-Iconverting enzyme (ACE) are reviewed. Hypertension is the main cause of disease
in industrialized countries where 35% of mortality is due to this disease or some of
its complications such as renal failure, heart disease, or cerebral hemorrhage
(Mulero-Cánovas et al. 2011). ACE plays an important role in regulating blood
pressure; within the renin-angiotensin system, ACE catalyzes the conversion of
angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which is a compound with high vasoconstrictive
potency, and its action causes the rapid contraction of the arterioles and, therefore,
the increase in blood pressure, since it stimulates the secretion of aldosterone by the
adrenal glands, a hormone that induces the excretion of potassium and the retention
of sodium and water, causing the increase in extracellular volume, and neutralization of renin production. Renin releases decapeptide angiotensin I from the reninangiotensin system. This system is, perhaps, the most important of the different
vasoconstrictor and vasodilator mechanisms involved in the regulation of blood
pressure, so by inhibiting the synthesis of angiotensin II, the increase in blood pressure is avoided (Mulero-Cánovas et al. 2011). Peptides that inhibit ACE have been
found in proteins from different sources, with fungi being an alternative that has
attracted the attention of many researchers.
In a recent study, the production of peptides with high inhibitory activity of
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and low bitter taste was determined in 93
yeast strains isolated from Colombian kumis. By molecular identification it was
found that Galactomyces geotrichum, Pichia kudriavzevii, Clavispora lusitaniae,
and Candida tropicalis were the majority species. Eighteen strains produced fermented milk with ACE inhibitory activity (8.69–88.19%); however, the digestion of
fermented milk samples by pepsin and pancreatin showed an increase in ACE inhibitory activity, and Candida lusitaniae KL4A was the best producer of peptides with
ACE inhibitory activity. Pichia kudriavzevii KL84A and Kluyveromyces marxianus
KL26A could be used as complementary primers in kumis, since they presented
ACE inhibitory activity in fermented milk without bitter taste (Cháves-López
et al. 2012).
Tricholoma matsutake is a highly prized mushroom. Recently, fruiting bodies
were used to obtain an ACE inhibitory peptide with an IC 50 of 0.40 μM. The peptide
called TMP was purified and characterized from the crude water extract obtained
G. Díaz-Godínez and R. Díaz
edible mushrooms, mainly basidiomycetes, have high nutritional value, promote the
immune system, and as a source of natural antimicrobial substances have been used
to cure bacterial infections since ancient times. Various kinds of proteins with several biological activities are produced by mushrooms. This review shows some bioactive peptides obtained from fungi (Table 5.1).
5.2 Inhibition of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme
by Mushroom
In this section, some works on peptides with inhibiting activity of angiotensin-Iconverting enzyme (ACE) are reviewed. Hypertension is the main cause of disease
in industrialized countries where 35% of mortality is due to this disease or some of
its complications such as renal failure, heart disease, or cerebral hemorrhage
(Mulero-Cánovas et al. 2011). ACE plays an important role in regulating blood
pressure; within the renin-angiotensin system, ACE catalyzes the conversion of
angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which is a compound with high vasoconstrictive
potency, and its action causes the rapid contraction of the arterioles and, therefore,
the increase in blood pressure, since it stimulates the secretion of aldosterone by the
adrenal glands, a hormone that induces the excretion of potassium and the retention
of sodium and water, causing the increase in extracellular volume, and neutralization of renin production. Renin releases decapeptide angiotensin I from the reninangiotensin system. This system is, perhaps, the most important of the different
vasoconstrictor and vasodilator mechanisms involved in the regulation of blood
pressure, so by inhibiting the synthesis of angiotensin II, the increase in blood pressure is avoided (Mulero-Cánovas et al. 2011). Peptides that inhibit ACE have been
found in proteins from different sources, with fungi being an alternative that has
attracted the attention of many researchers.
In a recent study, the production of peptides with high inhibitory activity of
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and low bitter taste was determined in 93
yeast strains isolated from Colombian kumis. By molecular identification it was
found that Galactomyces geotrichum, Pichia kudriavzevii, Clavispora lusitaniae,
and Candida tropicalis were the majority species. Eighteen strains produced fermented milk with ACE inhibitory activity (8.69–88.19%); however, the digestion of
fermented milk samples by pepsin and pancreatin showed an increase in ACE inhibitory activity, and Candida lusitaniae KL4A was the best producer of peptides with
ACE inhibitory activity. Pichia kudriavzevii KL84A and Kluyveromyces marxianus
KL26A could be used as complementary primers in kumis, since they presented
ACE inhibitory activity in fermented milk without bitter taste (Cháves-López
et al. 2012).
Tricholoma matsutake is a highly prized mushroom. Recently, fruiting bodies
were used to obtain an ACE inhibitory peptide with an IC 50 of 0.40 μM. The peptide
called TMP was purified and characterized from the crude water extract obtained
G. Díaz-Godínez and R. Díaz