dation–reduction reactions. See hsab
principle.
See also aqua acid; hydroxoacid;
oxoacid.
acid anhydrides (acyl anhydrides)
Compounds that react with water to
form an acid. For example, carbon
dioxide reacts with water to give carbonic acid:
CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(aq) ˆ H 2 CO 3 (aq)
A particular group of acid anhydrides
are anhydrides of carboxylic acids.
They have a general formula of the
type R.CO.O.CO.R′, where R and R′
are alkyl or aryl groups. For example,
the compound ethanoic anhydride
(CH 3 .CO.O.CO.CH 3 ) is the acid anhydride of ethanoic (acetic) acid. Organic acid anhydrides can be
produced by dehydrating acids (or
mixtures of acids). They are usually
made by reacting an acyl halide with
the sodium salt of the acid. They
react readily with water, alcohols,
phenols, and amines and are used in
*acylation reactions.
A
• Information about IUPAC nomenclature
7
acid rain
a
R
O
O
H
R
O
O
H
R
O
R
O
O
Acid anhydride
acid–base indicator See
indicator.
acid dissociation constant See
dissociation.
acid dye See dyes.
acid halides See acyl halides.
acidic 1. Describing a compound
that is an acid. 2. Describing a solution that has an excess of hydrogen
ions. 3. Describing a compound that
forms an acid when dissolved in
water. Carbon dioxide, for example,
is an acidic oxide.
acidic hydrogen (acid hydrogen) A
hydrogen atom in an *acid that
forms a positive ion when the acid
dissociates. For instance, in
methanoic acid
HCOOH ˆ H
+ + HCOO
–
the hydrogen atom on the carboxylate group is the acidic hydrogen (the
one bound directly to the carbon
atom does not dissociate).
acidimetry Volumetric analysis
using standard solutions of acids to
determine the amount of base present.
acidity constant See dissociation.
acid rain Precipitation having a pH
value of less than about 5.0, which
has adverse effects on the fauna and
Ûora on which it falls. Rainwater typically has a pH value of 5.6, due to
the presence of dissolved carbon
dioxide (forming carbonic acid). Acid
rain results from the emission into
the atmosphere of various pollutant
gases, in particular sulphur dioxide
and various oxides of nitrogen,
which originate from the burning of
fossil fuels and from car exhaust
fumes, respectively. These gases dissolve in atmospheric water to form
sulphuric and nitric acids in rain,
snow, or hail (wet deposition). Alternatively, the pollutants are deposited
as gases or minute particles (dry deposition). Both types of acid deposition affect plant growth – by
damaging the leaves and impairing
photosynthesis and by increasing the
acidity of the soil, which results in
the leaching of essential nutrients.
This acid pollution of the soil also
www.AzShimi.ir www.AzShimi.com
principle.
See also aqua acid; hydroxoacid;
oxoacid.
acid anhydrides (acyl anhydrides)
Compounds that react with water to
form an acid. For example, carbon
dioxide reacts with water to give carbonic acid:
CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(aq) ˆ H 2 CO 3 (aq)
A particular group of acid anhydrides
are anhydrides of carboxylic acids.
They have a general formula of the
type R.CO.O.CO.R′, where R and R′
are alkyl or aryl groups. For example,
the compound ethanoic anhydride
(CH 3 .CO.O.CO.CH 3 ) is the acid anhydride of ethanoic (acetic) acid. Organic acid anhydrides can be
produced by dehydrating acids (or
mixtures of acids). They are usually
made by reacting an acyl halide with
the sodium salt of the acid. They
react readily with water, alcohols,
phenols, and amines and are used in
*acylation reactions.
A
• Information about IUPAC nomenclature
7
acid rain
a
R
O
O
H
R
O
O
H
R
O
R
O
O
Acid anhydride
acid–base indicator See
indicator.
acid dissociation constant See
dissociation.
acid dye See dyes.
acid halides See acyl halides.
acidic 1. Describing a compound
that is an acid. 2. Describing a solution that has an excess of hydrogen
ions. 3. Describing a compound that
forms an acid when dissolved in
water. Carbon dioxide, for example,
is an acidic oxide.
acidic hydrogen (acid hydrogen) A
hydrogen atom in an *acid that
forms a positive ion when the acid
dissociates. For instance, in
methanoic acid
HCOOH ˆ H
+ + HCOO
–
the hydrogen atom on the carboxylate group is the acidic hydrogen (the
one bound directly to the carbon
atom does not dissociate).
acidimetry Volumetric analysis
using standard solutions of acids to
determine the amount of base present.
acidity constant See dissociation.
acid rain Precipitation having a pH
value of less than about 5.0, which
has adverse effects on the fauna and
Ûora on which it falls. Rainwater typically has a pH value of 5.6, due to
the presence of dissolved carbon
dioxide (forming carbonic acid). Acid
rain results from the emission into
the atmosphere of various pollutant
gases, in particular sulphur dioxide
and various oxides of nitrogen,
which originate from the burning of
fossil fuels and from car exhaust
fumes, respectively. These gases dissolve in atmospheric water to form
sulphuric and nitric acids in rain,
snow, or hail (wet deposition). Alternatively, the pollutants are deposited
as gases or minute particles (dry deposition). Both types of acid deposition affect plant growth – by
damaging the leaves and impairing
photosynthesis and by increasing the
acidity of the soil, which results in
the leaching of essential nutrients.
This acid pollution of the soil also
www.AzShimi.ir www.AzShimi.com