3.13
Profiles of four soils, with the vegetation associated with them
116
3.14
World distribution of soil orders
118
3.15
Two types of terracing for reducing runoff
122
3.16
Effect of a windbreak in reducing wind speed
123
3.17
Types of coal mines
124
3.18
Structural oil and gas traps
126
3.19
Blast furnace and steel converter
133
4.1
Biomes and climate
139
4.2
Marine zones and continental margin
140
4.3
The nitrogen cycle
148
4.4
The carbon cycle
149
4.5
Photosynthesis
154
4.6
Simplified food web in a pond
158
4.7
Simplified heathland food web
159
4.8
Pyramid of numbers per 1000 m
2 of temperate grassland
161
4.9
Flow of energy and nutrients
162
4.10
Ecosystem
165
4.11
Forest stratification
167
4.12
Succession to broad-leaved woodland
169
4.13
Succession from a lake, through bog, to forest
170
4.14
The effect of fire on species diversity
173
4.15
Effect of grazing on succession
175
4.16
Establishment of colonizers in an area of habitat
177
4.17
Island colonization as a ratio of immigration to extinction
178
4.18
Population growth and density
181
4.19
J-and S-shaped population growth curves
182
4.20
Resilience and stability
186
4.21
The edge effect
187
4.22
Speed governor of a steam engine
189
4.23
Feedback regulation of a population
190
4.24
Density-dependent feedback regulation
191
4.25
Limits of tolerance and optimum conditions
193
4.26
Plant response to temperature
195
5.1
Effects of natural selection
204
5.2
Mendelian inheritance
205
5.3
The Prisoner’s Dilemma
206
5.4
Optimum foraging strategy
208
5.5
Adaptive radiation of Darwin’s finches
211
5.6
Adaptation by mangroves to different levels of flooding
212
5.7
Common pattern for passive dispersal
215
5.8
Expansion of the European starling’s range in North America 1915–50
218
5.9
Habitats in a pond
220
5.10
Population size needed for a 95 per cent probability of persisting 100 years
221
5.11
Species richness
225
5.12
Range and population increase
226
5.13
World fisheries catch (marine and freshwater) 1972–92
228
5.14
North Sea herring stocks 1960–90
230
5.15
Commercial fishing methods
231
5.16
Percentage of land area under forest in various countries
234
viii / List of Figures
Profiles of four soils, with the vegetation associated with them
116
3.14
World distribution of soil orders
118
3.15
Two types of terracing for reducing runoff
122
3.16
Effect of a windbreak in reducing wind speed
123
3.17
Types of coal mines
124
3.18
Structural oil and gas traps
126
3.19
Blast furnace and steel converter
133
4.1
Biomes and climate
139
4.2
Marine zones and continental margin
140
4.3
The nitrogen cycle
148
4.4
The carbon cycle
149
4.5
Photosynthesis
154
4.6
Simplified food web in a pond
158
4.7
Simplified heathland food web
159
4.8
Pyramid of numbers per 1000 m
2 of temperate grassland
161
4.9
Flow of energy and nutrients
162
4.10
Ecosystem
165
4.11
Forest stratification
167
4.12
Succession to broad-leaved woodland
169
4.13
Succession from a lake, through bog, to forest
170
4.14
The effect of fire on species diversity
173
4.15
Effect of grazing on succession
175
4.16
Establishment of colonizers in an area of habitat
177
4.17
Island colonization as a ratio of immigration to extinction
178
4.18
Population growth and density
181
4.19
J-and S-shaped population growth curves
182
4.20
Resilience and stability
186
4.21
The edge effect
187
4.22
Speed governor of a steam engine
189
4.23
Feedback regulation of a population
190
4.24
Density-dependent feedback regulation
191
4.25
Limits of tolerance and optimum conditions
193
4.26
Plant response to temperature
195
5.1
Effects of natural selection
204
5.2
Mendelian inheritance
205
5.3
The Prisoner’s Dilemma
206
5.4
Optimum foraging strategy
208
5.5
Adaptive radiation of Darwin’s finches
211
5.6
Adaptation by mangroves to different levels of flooding
212
5.7
Common pattern for passive dispersal
215
5.8
Expansion of the European starling’s range in North America 1915–50
218
5.9
Habitats in a pond
220
5.10
Population size needed for a 95 per cent probability of persisting 100 years
221
5.11
Species richness
225
5.12
Range and population increase
226
5.13
World fisheries catch (marine and freshwater) 1972–92
228
5.14
North Sea herring stocks 1960–90
230
5.15
Commercial fishing methods
231
5.16
Percentage of land area under forest in various countries
234
viii / List of Figures