(5):1385–1399. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s12551-018-0458-8
5. Johansson LB-A ˚ , Davidsson A ˚ , Lindblom G,
Norde ´n B (1978) Linear dichroism as a tool for
studying molecular orientation in membrane
systems. II. Order parameters of guest molecules from LD and NMR. J Phys Chem
82:260–269
6. Matsuoka Y, Norde ´n B (1983) Linear dichroism studies of flavins in stretched poly(vinyl
alcohol) films. Molecular orientation and electronic transition moment directions. J Phys
Chem
87:220–225.
https://doi.org/10.
1021/j100225a009
7. Rodger A, Rajendra J, Marrington R,
Ardhammar M, Norde ´n B, Hirst JD, Gilbert
ATB, Dafforn TR, Halsall DJ, Woolhead CA,
Robinson C, Pinheiro TJ, Kazlauskaite J,
Seymour M, Perez N, Hannon MJ (2002)
Flow oriented linear dichroism to probe protein orientation in membrane environments.
Phys Chem Chem Phys 4:4051–4057.
https://doi.org/10.1039/b205080n
8. Marrington R, Dafforn TR, Halsall DJ, Rodger
A (2004) Micro volume Couette flow sample
orientation for absorbance and fluorescence
linear dichroism. Biophys J 87:2002–2012.
https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.103.
035022
9. Rajendra J, Damianoglou A, Hicks M,
Booth P, Rodger P, Rodger A (2006) Quantitation of protein orientation in flow-oriented
unilamellar liposomes by linear dichroism.
Chem Phys 326:210–220. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.chemphys.2006.02.036
10. Ardhammar M, Mikati N, Norde ´n B (1998)
Chromophore orientation in liposome membranes probed with flow linear dichroism. J
Am Chem Soc 120:9957–9958
11. Razmkhah K, Gibson MI, Chmel NP, Rodger
A (2014) Oxidized polyethylene films for
orienting polar molecules for linear dichroism
spectroscopy. Analyst 139:1372–1382
12. Wemyss AM, Chmel NP, Lobo DP, Sutherland
JA, Dafforn TR, Rodger A (2018) Fluorescence detected linear dichroism spectroscopy:
a selective and sensitive probe for fluorophores
in flow-oriented systems. Chirality 30
(3):227–237. https://doi.org/10.1002/chir.
22795
13. Bulheller BM, Rodger A, Hicks MR, Dafforn
TR, Serpell LC, Marshall K, Bromley EHC,
King PJS, Channon KJ, Woolfson DN, Hirst
JD (2009) Linear dichroism of some prototypical
proteins.
J
Am
Chem
Soc
131:13305–13314
14. Albinsson B, Kubista M, Thulstrup E, Norde ´n
B (1989) Near-ultraviolet electronic transitions
of the tryptophan chromophore: linear dichroism, fluorescence anisotropy, and magnetic circular dichroism spectra of some indole
derivatives. J Phys Chem 93:6646–6654
15. Hicks MR, Rodger A, Lin Y, Jones NC, Hoffmann SV, Dafforn TR (2012) Rapid injection
linear dichroism for studying the kinetics of
biological
processes.
Anal
Chem
84:6561–6566
16. Cheng X, Joseph MB, Covington JA, Dafforn
TR, Hicks MR, Rodger A (2012) Continuouschannel flow linear dichroism. Anal Methods 4
(10):3169–3173. https://doi.org/10.1039/
C2AY25513H
17. Ennaceur SM, Hicks MR, Pridmore CJ, Dafforn TR, Rodger A, Sanderson JM (2009) Peptide adsorption to lipid bilayers: slow
rearrangement processes revealed by linear
dichroism spectroscopy. Biophys J 96
(4):1399–1407
18. Wemyss AM, Razmkhah K, Chmel NP, Rodger
A (2018) Fluorescence detected linear dichroism of small molecules oriented on polyethylene film. Analyst 143(23):5805–5811.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C8AN01588K
19. Marrington R, Dafforn TR, Halsall DJ,
Hicks M, Rodger A (2005) Validation of new
microvolume Couette flow linear dichroism
cells. Analyst 130:1608–1616. https://doi.
org/10.1039/b506149k
20. Hicks M, Damianoglou A, Rodger A, Dafforn
T (2008) Folding and membrane insertion of
the pore-forming peptide gramicidin occur as a
concerted process. J Mol Biol 383(2):358–366
21. Hicks M, Dafforn T, Damianoglou A,
Wormell P, Rodger A, Hoffman S (2009) Synchrotron radiation linear dichroism spectroscopy of the antibiotic peptide gramicidin in
lipid membranes. Analyst 134:1623–1628
22. Zou Y, Razmkhah K, Chmel NP, Hamley IW,
Rodger A (2013) Spectroscopic signatures of
an Fmoc-tetrapeptide, Fmoc and fluorene.
RSC Adv 3:10854–10858. https://doi.org/
10.1039/C3RA41979G
23. Wada A (1964) Chain regularity and flow
dichroism of deoxyribonucleic acids in solution. Biopolymers 2:361–380
24. Wada A (1972) Dichroic spectra of biopolymers oriented by flow. Appl Spectrosc Rev
6:1–30
25. Bulheller B, Rodger A, Hirst JD (2007) Circular and linear dichroism of proteins. Phys Chem
Chem Phys 9:2020–2035
Flow LD of Protein–Membrane Systems
463
s12551-018-0458-8
5. Johansson LB-A ˚ , Davidsson A ˚ , Lindblom G,
Norde ´n B (1978) Linear dichroism as a tool for
studying molecular orientation in membrane
systems. II. Order parameters of guest molecules from LD and NMR. J Phys Chem
82:260–269
6. Matsuoka Y, Norde ´n B (1983) Linear dichroism studies of flavins in stretched poly(vinyl
alcohol) films. Molecular orientation and electronic transition moment directions. J Phys
Chem
87:220–225.
https://doi.org/10.
1021/j100225a009
7. Rodger A, Rajendra J, Marrington R,
Ardhammar M, Norde ´n B, Hirst JD, Gilbert
ATB, Dafforn TR, Halsall DJ, Woolhead CA,
Robinson C, Pinheiro TJ, Kazlauskaite J,
Seymour M, Perez N, Hannon MJ (2002)
Flow oriented linear dichroism to probe protein orientation in membrane environments.
Phys Chem Chem Phys 4:4051–4057.
https://doi.org/10.1039/b205080n
8. Marrington R, Dafforn TR, Halsall DJ, Rodger
A (2004) Micro volume Couette flow sample
orientation for absorbance and fluorescence
linear dichroism. Biophys J 87:2002–2012.
https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.103.
035022
9. Rajendra J, Damianoglou A, Hicks M,
Booth P, Rodger P, Rodger A (2006) Quantitation of protein orientation in flow-oriented
unilamellar liposomes by linear dichroism.
Chem Phys 326:210–220. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.chemphys.2006.02.036
10. Ardhammar M, Mikati N, Norde ´n B (1998)
Chromophore orientation in liposome membranes probed with flow linear dichroism. J
Am Chem Soc 120:9957–9958
11. Razmkhah K, Gibson MI, Chmel NP, Rodger
A (2014) Oxidized polyethylene films for
orienting polar molecules for linear dichroism
spectroscopy. Analyst 139:1372–1382
12. Wemyss AM, Chmel NP, Lobo DP, Sutherland
JA, Dafforn TR, Rodger A (2018) Fluorescence detected linear dichroism spectroscopy:
a selective and sensitive probe for fluorophores
in flow-oriented systems. Chirality 30
(3):227–237. https://doi.org/10.1002/chir.
22795
13. Bulheller BM, Rodger A, Hicks MR, Dafforn
TR, Serpell LC, Marshall K, Bromley EHC,
King PJS, Channon KJ, Woolfson DN, Hirst
JD (2009) Linear dichroism of some prototypical
proteins.
J
Am
Chem
Soc
131:13305–13314
14. Albinsson B, Kubista M, Thulstrup E, Norde ´n
B (1989) Near-ultraviolet electronic transitions
of the tryptophan chromophore: linear dichroism, fluorescence anisotropy, and magnetic circular dichroism spectra of some indole
derivatives. J Phys Chem 93:6646–6654
15. Hicks MR, Rodger A, Lin Y, Jones NC, Hoffmann SV, Dafforn TR (2012) Rapid injection
linear dichroism for studying the kinetics of
biological
processes.
Anal
Chem
84:6561–6566
16. Cheng X, Joseph MB, Covington JA, Dafforn
TR, Hicks MR, Rodger A (2012) Continuouschannel flow linear dichroism. Anal Methods 4
(10):3169–3173. https://doi.org/10.1039/
C2AY25513H
17. Ennaceur SM, Hicks MR, Pridmore CJ, Dafforn TR, Rodger A, Sanderson JM (2009) Peptide adsorption to lipid bilayers: slow
rearrangement processes revealed by linear
dichroism spectroscopy. Biophys J 96
(4):1399–1407
18. Wemyss AM, Razmkhah K, Chmel NP, Rodger
A (2018) Fluorescence detected linear dichroism of small molecules oriented on polyethylene film. Analyst 143(23):5805–5811.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C8AN01588K
19. Marrington R, Dafforn TR, Halsall DJ,
Hicks M, Rodger A (2005) Validation of new
microvolume Couette flow linear dichroism
cells. Analyst 130:1608–1616. https://doi.
org/10.1039/b506149k
20. Hicks M, Damianoglou A, Rodger A, Dafforn
T (2008) Folding and membrane insertion of
the pore-forming peptide gramicidin occur as a
concerted process. J Mol Biol 383(2):358–366
21. Hicks M, Dafforn T, Damianoglou A,
Wormell P, Rodger A, Hoffman S (2009) Synchrotron radiation linear dichroism spectroscopy of the antibiotic peptide gramicidin in
lipid membranes. Analyst 134:1623–1628
22. Zou Y, Razmkhah K, Chmel NP, Hamley IW,
Rodger A (2013) Spectroscopic signatures of
an Fmoc-tetrapeptide, Fmoc and fluorene.
RSC Adv 3:10854–10858. https://doi.org/
10.1039/C3RA41979G
23. Wada A (1964) Chain regularity and flow
dichroism of deoxyribonucleic acids in solution. Biopolymers 2:361–380
24. Wada A (1972) Dichroic spectra of biopolymers oriented by flow. Appl Spectrosc Rev
6:1–30
25. Bulheller B, Rodger A, Hirst JD (2007) Circular and linear dichroism of proteins. Phys Chem
Chem Phys 9:2020–2035
Flow LD of Protein–Membrane Systems
463