of a fluorescent biosensor family. Protein Sci 11
(11):2655–2675
18. Salins LL, Ware RA, Ensor CM, Daunert S
(2001) A novel reagentless sensing system for
measuring glucose based on the galactose/glucose-binding protein. Anal Biochem 294
(1):19–26
19. Helassa N, Durst CD, Coates C, Kerruth S,
Arif U, Schulze C, Wiegert JS, Geeves M,
Oertner TG, Torok K (2018) Ultrafast glutamate sensors resolve high-frequency release at
Schaffer collateral synapses. Proc Natl Acad Sci
U S A 115(21):5594–5599
20. Dwyer MA, Hellinga HW (2004) Periplasmic
binding proteins: a versatile superfamily for
protein engineering. Curr Opin Struct Biol 14
(4):495–504
21. Nixon AE, Hunter JL, Bonifacio G, Eccleston
JF, Webb MR (1998) Purine nucleoside phosphorylase: its use in a spectroscopic assay for
inorganic phosphate and for removing inorganic phosphate with the aid of phosphodeoxyribomutase. Anal Biochem 265(2):299–307
22. Webb MR (1992) A continuous spectrophotometric assay for inorganic phosphate and for
measuring phosphate release kinetics in
biological systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
89(11):4884–4887
23. Fiske CH, SubbaRow Y (1925) The colorimetric determination of phosphorus. J Biol Chem
66:375–400
24. Johnson KA, Simpson ZB, Blom T (2009)
Global kinetic explorer: a new computer program for dynamic simulation and fitting of
kinetic data. Anal Biochem 387(1):20–29
25. Kunzelmann S, Praefcke GJ, Herrmann C
(2005) Nucleotide binding and self-stimulated
GTPase activity of human guanylate-binding
protein 1 (hGBP1). Methods Enzymol
404:512–527
26. Lusser A, Urwin DL, Kadonaga JT (2005)
Distinct activities of CHD1 and ACF in
ATP-dependent chromatin assembly. Nat
Struct Mol Biol 12(2):160–166
27. Stockdale C, Flaus A, Ferreira H, OwenHughes T (2006) Analysis of nucleosome
repositioning by yeast ISWI and Chd1 chromatin remodeling complexes. J Biol Chem 281
(24):16279–16288
28. Hauk G, McKnight JN, Nodelman IM, Bowman GD (2010) The chromodomains of the
Chd1 chromatin remodeler regulate DNA
access to the ATPase motor. Mol Cell 39
(5):711–723
29. Patel A, McKnight JN, Genzor P, Bowman GD
(2011) Identification of residues in chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 1 (Chd1)
required for coupling ATP hydrolysis to nucleosome
sliding.
J
Biol Chem
286
(51):43984–43993
30. Bickham DC, West TG, Webb MR, Woledge
RC, Curtin NA, Ferenczi MA (2011)
Millisecond-scale biochemical response to
change
in
strain.
Biophys
J
101
(10):2445–2454
31. De La Cruz EM, Ostap EM (2009) Kinetic and
equilibrium analysis of the myosin ATPase.
Methods Enzymol 455:157–192
32. Heeley DH, Belknap B, White HD (2002)
Mechanism of regulation of phosphate dissociation from actomyosin-ADP-Pi by thin filament proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99
(26):16731–16736
33. Lionne C, Brune M, Webb MR, Travers F,
Barman T (1995) Time resolved measurements
show that phosphate release is the rate limiting
step on myofibrillar ATPases. FEBS Lett 364
(1):59–62
34. White HD, Belknap B, Webb MR (1997)
Kinetics of nucleoside triphosphate cleavage
and phosphate release steps by associated rabbit
skeletal actomyosin, measured using a novel
fluorescent probe for phosphate. Biochemistry
36(39):11828–11836
35. Muretta JM, Rohde JA, Johnsrud DO,
Cornea S, Thomas DD (2015) Direct realtime detection of the structural and biochemical events in the myosin power stroke. Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A 112(46):14272–14277
36. Gilbert SP, Webb MR, Brune M, Johnson KA
(1995) Pathway of processive ATP hydrolysis
by kinesin. Nature 373(6516):671–676
37. Klumpp LM, Hoenger A, Gilbert SP (2004)
Kinesin’s, second step. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S
A 101(10):3444–3449
38. Krzysiak TC, Gilbert SP (2006) Dimeric Eg5
maintains processivity through alternating-site
catalysis with rate-limiting ATP hydrolysis. J
Biol Chem 281(51):39444–39454
39. Cao W, Coman MM, Ding S, Henn A, Middleton ER, Bradley MJ, Rhoades E, Hackney
DD, Pyle AM, De La Cruz EM (2011) Mechanism of Mss116 ATPase reveals functional
diversity of DEAD-box proteins. J Mol Biol
409(3):399–414
40. Gyimesi M, Sarlo ´s K, Kova ´cs M (2010) Processive translocation mechanism of the human
Bloom’s syndrome helicase along singlestranded DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 38
(13):4404–4414
41. Jeong YJ, Kim DE, Patel SS (2002) Kinetic
pathway of dTTP hydrolysis by hexameric T7
helicase-primase in the absence of DNA. J Biol
Chem 277(46):43778–43784
Phosphate Biosensor Assays
317
(11):2655–2675
18. Salins LL, Ware RA, Ensor CM, Daunert S
(2001) A novel reagentless sensing system for
measuring glucose based on the galactose/glucose-binding protein. Anal Biochem 294
(1):19–26
19. Helassa N, Durst CD, Coates C, Kerruth S,
Arif U, Schulze C, Wiegert JS, Geeves M,
Oertner TG, Torok K (2018) Ultrafast glutamate sensors resolve high-frequency release at
Schaffer collateral synapses. Proc Natl Acad Sci
U S A 115(21):5594–5599
20. Dwyer MA, Hellinga HW (2004) Periplasmic
binding proteins: a versatile superfamily for
protein engineering. Curr Opin Struct Biol 14
(4):495–504
21. Nixon AE, Hunter JL, Bonifacio G, Eccleston
JF, Webb MR (1998) Purine nucleoside phosphorylase: its use in a spectroscopic assay for
inorganic phosphate and for removing inorganic phosphate with the aid of phosphodeoxyribomutase. Anal Biochem 265(2):299–307
22. Webb MR (1992) A continuous spectrophotometric assay for inorganic phosphate and for
measuring phosphate release kinetics in
biological systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
89(11):4884–4887
23. Fiske CH, SubbaRow Y (1925) The colorimetric determination of phosphorus. J Biol Chem
66:375–400
24. Johnson KA, Simpson ZB, Blom T (2009)
Global kinetic explorer: a new computer program for dynamic simulation and fitting of
kinetic data. Anal Biochem 387(1):20–29
25. Kunzelmann S, Praefcke GJ, Herrmann C
(2005) Nucleotide binding and self-stimulated
GTPase activity of human guanylate-binding
protein 1 (hGBP1). Methods Enzymol
404:512–527
26. Lusser A, Urwin DL, Kadonaga JT (2005)
Distinct activities of CHD1 and ACF in
ATP-dependent chromatin assembly. Nat
Struct Mol Biol 12(2):160–166
27. Stockdale C, Flaus A, Ferreira H, OwenHughes T (2006) Analysis of nucleosome
repositioning by yeast ISWI and Chd1 chromatin remodeling complexes. J Biol Chem 281
(24):16279–16288
28. Hauk G, McKnight JN, Nodelman IM, Bowman GD (2010) The chromodomains of the
Chd1 chromatin remodeler regulate DNA
access to the ATPase motor. Mol Cell 39
(5):711–723
29. Patel A, McKnight JN, Genzor P, Bowman GD
(2011) Identification of residues in chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 1 (Chd1)
required for coupling ATP hydrolysis to nucleosome
sliding.
J
Biol Chem
286
(51):43984–43993
30. Bickham DC, West TG, Webb MR, Woledge
RC, Curtin NA, Ferenczi MA (2011)
Millisecond-scale biochemical response to
change
in
strain.
Biophys
J
101
(10):2445–2454
31. De La Cruz EM, Ostap EM (2009) Kinetic and
equilibrium analysis of the myosin ATPase.
Methods Enzymol 455:157–192
32. Heeley DH, Belknap B, White HD (2002)
Mechanism of regulation of phosphate dissociation from actomyosin-ADP-Pi by thin filament proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99
(26):16731–16736
33. Lionne C, Brune M, Webb MR, Travers F,
Barman T (1995) Time resolved measurements
show that phosphate release is the rate limiting
step on myofibrillar ATPases. FEBS Lett 364
(1):59–62
34. White HD, Belknap B, Webb MR (1997)
Kinetics of nucleoside triphosphate cleavage
and phosphate release steps by associated rabbit
skeletal actomyosin, measured using a novel
fluorescent probe for phosphate. Biochemistry
36(39):11828–11836
35. Muretta JM, Rohde JA, Johnsrud DO,
Cornea S, Thomas DD (2015) Direct realtime detection of the structural and biochemical events in the myosin power stroke. Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A 112(46):14272–14277
36. Gilbert SP, Webb MR, Brune M, Johnson KA
(1995) Pathway of processive ATP hydrolysis
by kinesin. Nature 373(6516):671–676
37. Klumpp LM, Hoenger A, Gilbert SP (2004)
Kinesin’s, second step. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S
A 101(10):3444–3449
38. Krzysiak TC, Gilbert SP (2006) Dimeric Eg5
maintains processivity through alternating-site
catalysis with rate-limiting ATP hydrolysis. J
Biol Chem 281(51):39444–39454
39. Cao W, Coman MM, Ding S, Henn A, Middleton ER, Bradley MJ, Rhoades E, Hackney
DD, Pyle AM, De La Cruz EM (2011) Mechanism of Mss116 ATPase reveals functional
diversity of DEAD-box proteins. J Mol Biol
409(3):399–414
40. Gyimesi M, Sarlo ´s K, Kova ´cs M (2010) Processive translocation mechanism of the human
Bloom’s syndrome helicase along singlestranded DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 38
(13):4404–4414
41. Jeong YJ, Kim DE, Patel SS (2002) Kinetic
pathway of dTTP hydrolysis by hexameric T7
helicase-primase in the absence of DNA. J Biol
Chem 277(46):43778–43784
Phosphate Biosensor Assays
317