European Union .................................................................................44

European Pollutant Emission Register .......................................... 47

European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register ....................... 47

Japan ................................................................................................... 48

Accessing PRTR Data ........................................................................ 51

North American Data .................................................................... 51

European Data from E-PRTR ....................................................... 52

International PRTR Data from OECD .......................................... 52

Bibliography ....................................................................................... 53

Chapter 5 TRI Program Impacts on Reducing Toxic Chemical Releases .......... 55

Introduction ........................................................................................ 55

TRI Success Stories ............................................................................ 58

Bibliography ....................................................................................... 58

Chapter 6 Quantifying Toxicity .......................................................................... 59

Introduction ........................................................................................ 59

Ingestion Carcinogenicity ..................................................................60

Inhalation Carcinogenicity.................................................................60

Ingestion Noncarcinogenic Toxicity ...................................................60

Inhalation Noncarcinogenic Toxicity ................................................. 61

Development of a Single Toxicity Factor ........................................... 61

Ingestion Carcinogenic Toxicity Factor Development .................. 62

Inhalation Carcinogenic Toxicity Factor Development ................. 62

Ingestion Noncarcinogenic Toxicity Factor Development ............. 63

Inhalation Noncarcinogenic Toxicity Factor Development ........... 63

Single Combined Relative Toxicity Factor Development ..............64

Bibliography ....................................................................................... 89

Chapter 7 Quantifying Mobility ......................................................................... 91

Introduction ........................................................................................ 91

Air Mobility Factor ............................................................................ 91

Water Mobility Factor ........................................................................92

Combined Mobility Factor .................................................................92

Bibliography ..................................................................................... 103

Chapter 8 Quantifying Persistence ................................................................... 105

Introduction ...................................................................................... 105

Persistence Factor ............................................................................. 105

Bibliography ..................................................................................... 118

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Contents