14.4.1.3 Biochemical Adaptation Strategies to Saline Conditions
T. articulata tolerate salinity concentration between 200 and 500 mM of NaCl. It is
considered as salinity regulators because it possesses specifics osmoregulators,
which act in saline environments (Meinhardt and Gehring 2013). T. articulata
have the ability to absorb chemicals from the soil and deposit them on the surface.
This ability allows them to make abiotic changes in soils, such as salinity and
electrical conductivity, soil pH, and phosphorus augmentation. Indeed, the salt
excreted crystallizes on the surface of the leaves, where it becomes harmless
(Hopkins 2003). The expression in the salt glands is very specific. For
T. articulata Na
+ and Cl
À are extracted against the gradient concentration, while
other ions such Ca
+2 are maintained contrary to their gradient. In addition, the salt
gland cations secretion is a preferential function. The cation secretory abilities of the
multicellular salt glands of T. aphylla are as follows: monovalent cation > divalent
cation: Na
+ > K
+ > Ca
2+ (Ma et al. 2011). In fact, the flow of ions between the eight
sub-cells of the salt gland was considered to be driven by hydrostatic pressure
(Zhang et al. 2002). However, with the discovery of ion channels and the use of a
variety of inhibitors whether the ion secretion is due to active transport has once
again become a focus for research on salt secretion mechanisms (Balsamo and
Thomson 1996; Kobayachi et al. 2007). But whether Tamarix preferentially secretes
Na
+ when the concentration of each ion is identical is not yet clarified. In addition,
considering that the salt glands in Tamarix are multicellular, no reports have
answered questions such as whether the ion secretion involves energy consuming
active transport? (Ma et al. 2011).
14.4.1.4 Action of T. articulata Face to Metals Trace Elements
T. articulate (aphylla) can take up chemical compounds from the soil, transport them
upward, and eventually deposit them on the soil surface or in leaf litter by excreting
them through salt glands (vesiculated trichomes) (Sookbirsingh et al. 2010;
Meinhardt and Gehring 2013) a detoxification mechanism (Marlin et al. 2017). In
addition, Lefevre et al. (2009) reported that T. aphylla accumulate and excrete Cd
and Pb on their leaf surface. They suggest that this plant may be used as
phytoremediation plants in Cd and Pb contaminated soils.
14.5 Biochemical and Physiological Adaptation Strategies
of T. gallica to Abiotic Stress
14.5.1 T. gallica Strategy of Neutralization of Reactive Oxygen
Species Damages
Similar to T. articulata species, the T. gallica occurs in natural stressed areas under
saline, drought, or calcareous abiotic stress, and in urban areas, it is subject to
pollution. So the reactive oxygen species (ROS) is often stimulated by these
conditions, conducting to dysfunction of mitochondrial with the enhancement of
catalase activity. To contract these phenomenon T. gallica increase its secretion of
biochemical compound which manifest cytoprotective effect and diminution of
422
K. Bencherif et al.
T. articulata tolerate salinity concentration between 200 and 500 mM of NaCl. It is
considered as salinity regulators because it possesses specifics osmoregulators,
which act in saline environments (Meinhardt and Gehring 2013). T. articulata
have the ability to absorb chemicals from the soil and deposit them on the surface.
This ability allows them to make abiotic changes in soils, such as salinity and
electrical conductivity, soil pH, and phosphorus augmentation. Indeed, the salt
excreted crystallizes on the surface of the leaves, where it becomes harmless
(Hopkins 2003). The expression in the salt glands is very specific. For
T. articulata Na
+ and Cl
À are extracted against the gradient concentration, while
other ions such Ca
+2 are maintained contrary to their gradient. In addition, the salt
gland cations secretion is a preferential function. The cation secretory abilities of the
multicellular salt glands of T. aphylla are as follows: monovalent cation > divalent
cation: Na
+ > K
+ > Ca
2+ (Ma et al. 2011). In fact, the flow of ions between the eight
sub-cells of the salt gland was considered to be driven by hydrostatic pressure
(Zhang et al. 2002). However, with the discovery of ion channels and the use of a
variety of inhibitors whether the ion secretion is due to active transport has once
again become a focus for research on salt secretion mechanisms (Balsamo and
Thomson 1996; Kobayachi et al. 2007). But whether Tamarix preferentially secretes
Na
+ when the concentration of each ion is identical is not yet clarified. In addition,
considering that the salt glands in Tamarix are multicellular, no reports have
answered questions such as whether the ion secretion involves energy consuming
active transport? (Ma et al. 2011).
14.4.1.4 Action of T. articulata Face to Metals Trace Elements
T. articulate (aphylla) can take up chemical compounds from the soil, transport them
upward, and eventually deposit them on the soil surface or in leaf litter by excreting
them through salt glands (vesiculated trichomes) (Sookbirsingh et al. 2010;
Meinhardt and Gehring 2013) a detoxification mechanism (Marlin et al. 2017). In
addition, Lefevre et al. (2009) reported that T. aphylla accumulate and excrete Cd
and Pb on their leaf surface. They suggest that this plant may be used as
phytoremediation plants in Cd and Pb contaminated soils.
14.5 Biochemical and Physiological Adaptation Strategies
of T. gallica to Abiotic Stress
14.5.1 T. gallica Strategy of Neutralization of Reactive Oxygen
Species Damages
Similar to T. articulata species, the T. gallica occurs in natural stressed areas under
saline, drought, or calcareous abiotic stress, and in urban areas, it is subject to
pollution. So the reactive oxygen species (ROS) is often stimulated by these
conditions, conducting to dysfunction of mitochondrial with the enhancement of
catalase activity. To contract these phenomenon T. gallica increase its secretion of
biochemical compound which manifest cytoprotective effect and diminution of
422
K. Bencherif et al.