(ET) pathways, which have substantial differences in gene expression than the SA
pathway, are induced against necrotrophic pathogens and chewing insects.
Despite the occurrence of several defense mechanisms in plants to overcome
biotic stress conditions, biotic stresses cause major economic losses, every year
whose prevention is indispensable as world human-population, which demands
more food, is increasing. Therefore, amendment of the current approaches as well
as design of new methodologies for crop protection is paramount. The application of
microbial consortium of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR) and plant growth
promoting fungi (PGPF) can enhance plant growth under multiple abiotic and biotic
stress conditions by maintaining soil health, enhancing nutrition, regulating plant
hormones and antioxidant system, siderophore production, and ISR induction. The
consideration of the prospective of microbes to resolve food security problems for
global economy necessitates future research to identify potential stress tolerant and
diverse strains of PGPM that can further be used to formulate effective microbial
consortia. Furthermore, biological control by these beneficial microorganisms is
among the most eco-friendly and economical disease and pest management
strategies. The use of PGPM for biocontrol provides the advantage of being a safe
alternative to hazardous chemicals, which minimizes problems associated with
environmental pollution, ecosystem disruption, residual chemicals on crops and
chemical bioaccumulation in the food chain. Thus, special interest in the development of beneficial microbes as biotic stress biocontrol agents has the potential to
limit recurrent crop losses and promote plant growth.
References
Abdallah Y, Yang M, Zhang M, Masum MM, Ogunyemi SO, Hossain A, Li B (2019a) Plant growth
promotion and suppression of bacterial leaf blight in rice by Paenibacillus polymyxa Sx3. Lett
Appl Microbiol 68:423–429
Abdallah DB, Tounsi S, Frikha-Gargouri O (2019b) Inoculum type affect the efficacy of the
endophytic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum strain 32a against the plant pathogen
Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Appl Soil Ecol 134:25–30
Achari GA, Ramesh R (2019) Colonization of eggplant by endophytic bacteria antagonistic to
Ralstonia solanacearum, the bacterial wilt pathogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B Biol Sci
89:585–593
Ahn IP, Lee SW, Suh SC (2007) Rhizobacteria–induced priming in Arabidopsis is dependent on
ethylene, jasmonic acid, and NPR1. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 20:759–768
Aleti G, Sessitsch A, Brader G (2015) Genome mining: prediction of lipopeptides and polyketides
from Bacillus and related firmicutes. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 13:192–203
Alijani Z, Amini J, Ashengroph M, Bahramnejad B (2019) Antifungal activity of volatile
compounds produced by Staphylococcus sciuri strain MarR44 and its potential for the biocontrol of Colletotrichum nymphaeae, causal agent strawberry anthracnose. Int J Food Microbiol
307:108276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108276
Anderson PK, Cunningham AA, Patel NG, Morales FJ, Epstein PR, Daszak P (2004) Emerging
infectious diseases of plants: pathogen pollution, climate change and agrotechnology drivers.
Trends Ecol Evol 19:535–544
10 Microbe-Mediated Biotic Stress Signaling and Resistance Mechanisms in Plants
323
pathway, are induced against necrotrophic pathogens and chewing insects.
Despite the occurrence of several defense mechanisms in plants to overcome
biotic stress conditions, biotic stresses cause major economic losses, every year
whose prevention is indispensable as world human-population, which demands
more food, is increasing. Therefore, amendment of the current approaches as well
as design of new methodologies for crop protection is paramount. The application of
microbial consortium of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR) and plant growth
promoting fungi (PGPF) can enhance plant growth under multiple abiotic and biotic
stress conditions by maintaining soil health, enhancing nutrition, regulating plant
hormones and antioxidant system, siderophore production, and ISR induction. The
consideration of the prospective of microbes to resolve food security problems for
global economy necessitates future research to identify potential stress tolerant and
diverse strains of PGPM that can further be used to formulate effective microbial
consortia. Furthermore, biological control by these beneficial microorganisms is
among the most eco-friendly and economical disease and pest management
strategies. The use of PGPM for biocontrol provides the advantage of being a safe
alternative to hazardous chemicals, which minimizes problems associated with
environmental pollution, ecosystem disruption, residual chemicals on crops and
chemical bioaccumulation in the food chain. Thus, special interest in the development of beneficial microbes as biotic stress biocontrol agents has the potential to
limit recurrent crop losses and promote plant growth.
References
Abdallah Y, Yang M, Zhang M, Masum MM, Ogunyemi SO, Hossain A, Li B (2019a) Plant growth
promotion and suppression of bacterial leaf blight in rice by Paenibacillus polymyxa Sx3. Lett
Appl Microbiol 68:423–429
Abdallah DB, Tounsi S, Frikha-Gargouri O (2019b) Inoculum type affect the efficacy of the
endophytic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum strain 32a against the plant pathogen
Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Appl Soil Ecol 134:25–30
Achari GA, Ramesh R (2019) Colonization of eggplant by endophytic bacteria antagonistic to
Ralstonia solanacearum, the bacterial wilt pathogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B Biol Sci
89:585–593
Ahn IP, Lee SW, Suh SC (2007) Rhizobacteria–induced priming in Arabidopsis is dependent on
ethylene, jasmonic acid, and NPR1. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 20:759–768
Aleti G, Sessitsch A, Brader G (2015) Genome mining: prediction of lipopeptides and polyketides
from Bacillus and related firmicutes. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 13:192–203
Alijani Z, Amini J, Ashengroph M, Bahramnejad B (2019) Antifungal activity of volatile
compounds produced by Staphylococcus sciuri strain MarR44 and its potential for the biocontrol of Colletotrichum nymphaeae, causal agent strawberry anthracnose. Int J Food Microbiol
307:108276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108276
Anderson PK, Cunningham AA, Patel NG, Morales FJ, Epstein PR, Daszak P (2004) Emerging
infectious diseases of plants: pathogen pollution, climate change and agrotechnology drivers.
Trends Ecol Evol 19:535–544
10 Microbe-Mediated Biotic Stress Signaling and Resistance Mechanisms in Plants
323