Table 5.3 Representative examples of root phenotype and architecture under various nutrient
stresses (PR-Primary root, LR-lateral roots)
Plant
Effect on root
Reference
Nitrogen deficiency
1
Rice
Deeper roots, longer root length and
density
Ogawa et al. (2014)
2
Arabidopsis
Longer LRs and shorter PR
Gruber et al. (2013)
3
Maize
Low lateral root (LR) branching density,
longer LRs,
Postma et al. (2014)
4
Cereal, legume ,
spinach , tomato
Increase root hair length, increase ,
decrease and no change in root hair
density, less branching
Baligar et al. (1998)
Phosphate deficiency
1
Arabidopsis
Reduction of PR growth, increase in the
growth of secondary roots, increase in
root hair length and density
Williamson et al.
(2001) and LopezBucio et al. (2003)
2
Phaseolus vulgaris
Root shallowness, adventitious root
formation, and increased dispersion of
lateral branching from the basal roots,
higher root hair length and density
Strock et al. (2018)
3
Lupinus albus
Formation of cluster so flateral roots
known as proteoid roots
Péret et al. (2014)
4
Rice
More LRs
Péret et al. (2014)
5
Maize
High LR branching density, shorter LRs
Postma et al. (2014)
6
Spinach, Rape,
tomato
Longer roots and root hairs, increased 2
nd
order laterals, increase or no change in
root hair density, decreased shoot/root,
induced proteoid roots
Föhse and Jungk
(1983)
Potassium deficiency
1. Maize, cowpea,
common bean, rice,
barley
Reduced root mass and length, reduced
volume of root axes and 1
st order laterals,
complete prevention of 2
nd order lateral
development
Baligar et al. (1998)
2
Arabidopsis
Reduced length of PR and LR
Gruber et al. (2013)
Sulphate deficiency
1
Arabidopsis
Branched root system, elongated PR,LRs
closer to root tips
Gruber et al. (2013)
and Lopez-Bucio et al.
(2003)
2
Rice, maize
Significant increase in root length
Pariasca-Tanaka et al.
(2019) and Maniou
et al. (2014)
Boron deficiency
1. Rice, common
bean, soybean,
wheat and squash
Inhibition of root elongation, stubby and
bushy appearance
Baligar et al. (1998)
2. Arabidopsis
Decrease in root length and increase in
LR density
Gruber et al. (2013)
(continued)
5 Plant Roots and Mineral Nutrition: An Overview of Molecular Basis of Uptake and. . . 141
stresses (PR-Primary root, LR-lateral roots)
Plant
Effect on root
Reference
Nitrogen deficiency
1
Rice
Deeper roots, longer root length and
density
Ogawa et al. (2014)
2
Arabidopsis
Longer LRs and shorter PR
Gruber et al. (2013)
3
Maize
Low lateral root (LR) branching density,
longer LRs,
Postma et al. (2014)
4
Cereal, legume ,
spinach , tomato
Increase root hair length, increase ,
decrease and no change in root hair
density, less branching
Baligar et al. (1998)
Phosphate deficiency
1
Arabidopsis
Reduction of PR growth, increase in the
growth of secondary roots, increase in
root hair length and density
Williamson et al.
(2001) and LopezBucio et al. (2003)
2
Phaseolus vulgaris
Root shallowness, adventitious root
formation, and increased dispersion of
lateral branching from the basal roots,
higher root hair length and density
Strock et al. (2018)
3
Lupinus albus
Formation of cluster so flateral roots
known as proteoid roots
Péret et al. (2014)
4
Rice
More LRs
Péret et al. (2014)
5
Maize
High LR branching density, shorter LRs
Postma et al. (2014)
6
Spinach, Rape,
tomato
Longer roots and root hairs, increased 2
nd
order laterals, increase or no change in
root hair density, decreased shoot/root,
induced proteoid roots
Föhse and Jungk
(1983)
Potassium deficiency
1. Maize, cowpea,
common bean, rice,
barley
Reduced root mass and length, reduced
volume of root axes and 1
st order laterals,
complete prevention of 2
nd order lateral
development
Baligar et al. (1998)
2
Arabidopsis
Reduced length of PR and LR
Gruber et al. (2013)
Sulphate deficiency
1
Arabidopsis
Branched root system, elongated PR,LRs
closer to root tips
Gruber et al. (2013)
and Lopez-Bucio et al.
(2003)
2
Rice, maize
Significant increase in root length
Pariasca-Tanaka et al.
(2019) and Maniou
et al. (2014)
Boron deficiency
1. Rice, common
bean, soybean,
wheat and squash
Inhibition of root elongation, stubby and
bushy appearance
Baligar et al. (1998)
2. Arabidopsis
Decrease in root length and increase in
LR density
Gruber et al. (2013)
(continued)
5 Plant Roots and Mineral Nutrition: An Overview of Molecular Basis of Uptake and. . . 141