37
encourage interventions to reduce escalating resistance among food-borne
pathogens
4. To assist FDA in making judgment related to the approval of safe and effective
antimicrobials for animals by providing data.
The National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System deals with two main
zoonotic bacterial food-borne illness in the US; namely Campylobacter and nontyphoidal Salmonella. Surveillance of Food animal and retail meat also take account
of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus, which can serve as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes and determinants of selection pressures in Gram negative and
Gram positive bacteria, respectively (WHO 2013). Besides, CDC uses the human
surveillance of NARMS platform for assessing resistance in Vibrio, E. coli O157,
and the non-zoonotic enteric bacteria i.e. typhoidal Salmonella and Shigella.
Collaborative association between epidemiologists, microbiologists, researchers
from healthcare and agriculture firms have been found crucial for the effectiveness
of the program. The National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System has
modified according to varying needs and risks by growing the horizon for surveillance, investigating new sources of strain, adding new bacteria for surveillance,
modifying sampling formats, and altering antimicrobials tested over a long period
of time. More meticulous information of The National Antimicrobial Resistance
Monitoring System testing and sampling protocols are available in the reports of the
National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System surveillance (CDC 2016a, b;
FDA 2016a). In present, the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System
perform tests for clinical isolates of Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli O157, Vibrio, and
also strains of Campylobacter isolates from the collaborating states in Food-borne
Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet). It is a combined program of
CDC, 10 state health departments, FDA and USDA’s Food Safety. It performs vigorous surveillance based on population for confirmed infections communicated
commonly through food (Henao et al. 2015). In 1997, NARMS food animal surveillance was started with carcass testing and samples of slaughter and processing
plants. In 2013, more specimens were added to NARMS like cecal contents from
swine (market hogs and sows), slaughtered chickens, cattle (dairy and beef), and
turkeys. Cecal samples are cultured for investigation of Salmonella, Campylobacter
and E. coli. Salmonella, Enterococcus (selected sites) and E. coli (selected sites) are
cultured in the Retail chicken parts, ground beef, and pork chops ground turkey.
2.5 Surveillance Systems of Europe
The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and European
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network perform survey for estimating
resistance pattern in Europe (Table 2.1). Point prevalence survey in 2011–2012
reported methicillin resistance in 41% of invasive Staphylococcus aureus isolates,
third generation cephalosporin resistance in 33% of Enterobacteriaceae isolates,
2 Global Surveillance Programs on Antimicrobial Resistance
encourage interventions to reduce escalating resistance among food-borne
pathogens
4. To assist FDA in making judgment related to the approval of safe and effective
antimicrobials for animals by providing data.
The National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System deals with two main
zoonotic bacterial food-borne illness in the US; namely Campylobacter and nontyphoidal Salmonella. Surveillance of Food animal and retail meat also take account
of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus, which can serve as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes and determinants of selection pressures in Gram negative and
Gram positive bacteria, respectively (WHO 2013). Besides, CDC uses the human
surveillance of NARMS platform for assessing resistance in Vibrio, E. coli O157,
and the non-zoonotic enteric bacteria i.e. typhoidal Salmonella and Shigella.
Collaborative association between epidemiologists, microbiologists, researchers
from healthcare and agriculture firms have been found crucial for the effectiveness
of the program. The National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System has
modified according to varying needs and risks by growing the horizon for surveillance, investigating new sources of strain, adding new bacteria for surveillance,
modifying sampling formats, and altering antimicrobials tested over a long period
of time. More meticulous information of The National Antimicrobial Resistance
Monitoring System testing and sampling protocols are available in the reports of the
National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System surveillance (CDC 2016a, b;
FDA 2016a). In present, the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System
perform tests for clinical isolates of Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli O157, Vibrio, and
also strains of Campylobacter isolates from the collaborating states in Food-borne
Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet). It is a combined program of
CDC, 10 state health departments, FDA and USDA’s Food Safety. It performs vigorous surveillance based on population for confirmed infections communicated
commonly through food (Henao et al. 2015). In 1997, NARMS food animal surveillance was started with carcass testing and samples of slaughter and processing
plants. In 2013, more specimens were added to NARMS like cecal contents from
swine (market hogs and sows), slaughtered chickens, cattle (dairy and beef), and
turkeys. Cecal samples are cultured for investigation of Salmonella, Campylobacter
and E. coli. Salmonella, Enterococcus (selected sites) and E. coli (selected sites) are
cultured in the Retail chicken parts, ground beef, and pork chops ground turkey.
2.5 Surveillance Systems of Europe
The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and European
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network perform survey for estimating
resistance pattern in Europe (Table 2.1). Point prevalence survey in 2011–2012
reported methicillin resistance in 41% of invasive Staphylococcus aureus isolates,
third generation cephalosporin resistance in 33% of Enterobacteriaceae isolates,
2 Global Surveillance Programs on Antimicrobial Resistance