36
The burden of resistant infections has been mounting from last one decade. It is
estimated that the maximum numbers of lives in low and middle income countries
will be lost due to these infections (O’Neill 2016). A global action plan was approved
on antimicrobial resistance in 2015 by the World Health Assembly and encouraged
the participating countries to toughen surveillance of antimicrobial resistance. It
also requires good surveillance programs data for assessing the magnitude of the
problem precisely and to direct intervention strategies. Many low and middle
income countries are already contributing in surveillance start-ups for resistance in
Tubercle bacilli, malaria, HIV and influenza (Ashley et al. 2018). Initiatives for the
global surveillance of resistance against commonly used antibiotics have been taken
in the past but the expected success has not been attained. The Global Antimicrobial
Resistance Surveillance System was launched in 2015 aiming at the collection of
antimicrobial resistance data of specific bacterial pathogens from different countries
(WHO 2013). In West Africa, the terrible Ebola epidemic has also demanded the
requirement for surveillance systems for rising diseases because most of these episodes have been seen in low and middle income countries. ‘One Health’ approach
to surveillance is recommended for both antimicrobial resistance and emerging diseases using different drivers in humans, animals and the environment.
2.4 Surveillance Systems of USA
The National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) provides
data to tackle the problem of rising antimicrobial resistance and also shows its positive impacts on public health (Karp et al. 2017). It was established in 1996 on the
recommendations of experts organized by the Food and Drug Administration of
USA. The panel recommended the establishment of a surveillance system at national
level to monitor resistance among selected human disease causing enteric bacteria.
National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System is a combined effort of three
central agencies including CDC (Centre for Diseases Control & Prevention), FDA
(Food & Drug Administration) and the USDA (United States Department of
Agriculture). It also includes local and state health divisions in all states of
USA. National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System helps in assessing the
results associated with human health coming from the use of antibiotics in food
animals with a vision toward alleviation.
The followings are the major goals of ‘National Antimicrobial Resistance
Monitoring System’:
1. To track the antimicrobial resistance in the enteric bacteria from humans, animals and retail meats.
2. To understand the spread of antimicrobial resistance, emergence, and persistence
by conducting research.
3. To publish apt information on antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic and commensal organisms and provide the same to the United States stakeholders and to
S. Kumar et al.
The burden of resistant infections has been mounting from last one decade. It is
estimated that the maximum numbers of lives in low and middle income countries
will be lost due to these infections (O’Neill 2016). A global action plan was approved
on antimicrobial resistance in 2015 by the World Health Assembly and encouraged
the participating countries to toughen surveillance of antimicrobial resistance. It
also requires good surveillance programs data for assessing the magnitude of the
problem precisely and to direct intervention strategies. Many low and middle
income countries are already contributing in surveillance start-ups for resistance in
Tubercle bacilli, malaria, HIV and influenza (Ashley et al. 2018). Initiatives for the
global surveillance of resistance against commonly used antibiotics have been taken
in the past but the expected success has not been attained. The Global Antimicrobial
Resistance Surveillance System was launched in 2015 aiming at the collection of
antimicrobial resistance data of specific bacterial pathogens from different countries
(WHO 2013). In West Africa, the terrible Ebola epidemic has also demanded the
requirement for surveillance systems for rising diseases because most of these episodes have been seen in low and middle income countries. ‘One Health’ approach
to surveillance is recommended for both antimicrobial resistance and emerging diseases using different drivers in humans, animals and the environment.
2.4 Surveillance Systems of USA
The National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) provides
data to tackle the problem of rising antimicrobial resistance and also shows its positive impacts on public health (Karp et al. 2017). It was established in 1996 on the
recommendations of experts organized by the Food and Drug Administration of
USA. The panel recommended the establishment of a surveillance system at national
level to monitor resistance among selected human disease causing enteric bacteria.
National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System is a combined effort of three
central agencies including CDC (Centre for Diseases Control & Prevention), FDA
(Food & Drug Administration) and the USDA (United States Department of
Agriculture). It also includes local and state health divisions in all states of
USA. National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System helps in assessing the
results associated with human health coming from the use of antibiotics in food
animals with a vision toward alleviation.
The followings are the major goals of ‘National Antimicrobial Resistance
Monitoring System’:
1. To track the antimicrobial resistance in the enteric bacteria from humans, animals and retail meats.
2. To understand the spread of antimicrobial resistance, emergence, and persistence
by conducting research.
3. To publish apt information on antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic and commensal organisms and provide the same to the United States stakeholders and to
S. Kumar et al.