193
pathogenic signal interference. Recently, a study shows that 4-aminoquinoline
derivatives namely, 7-Cl and 7-CF 3 substituted N-dodecylamino-4-aminoquinolines
inhibit the quorum sensing signaling in Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. They exhibit weak bactericidal activities but are potent anti biofilm
forming agents (Aleksić et al. 2017). A new class of broad spectrum quorum
quenchers, yayurea A and B were discovered that inhibit the growth of Gram negative beta- and gamma- proteobacteria. These quenchers are secreted by
Staphylococcus delphini, a ‘Staphylococcus intermedius group’ of zoonotic pathogens. Their chemical formulas are N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-urea and N-(2phenethyl)-urea, respectively. Their effects are opposite to acyl homoserine lactones
due to their ability as quenchers (Chu et al. 2013a). The addition of AHLs to the
growing phase culture of P. aeruginosa shifts the IR cell population towards the
dormant phase after the treatment with carbenicillin and ciprofloxacin (Moker et al.
2010). In P. aeruginosa, the las and rhl quorum sensing systems play a key role in
biofilm formation and their disruption leads to enhanced sensitivity of P. aeruginosa
to antibiotics and host immune system (Shih and Huang 2002; Bjarnsholt et al.
2005). Hamamelitannin and baicalin hydrate is the AHL targeting peptide based
inhibitors of the quorum sensing system. These inhibitors disrupt the biofilm formation in Gram positive (S. aureus) and Gram negative (P. aeruginosa) bacteria and
show synergistic effects in co-treatment with other antibiotics (Brackman et al.
2011b). In the presence of quorum sensing inhibitors, the efficiency of antibiotics
increases (Bulman et al. 2017; Maura and Rahme 2017). The antibiotic resistant
bacteria are the key players in hospital acquired infections. These bacteria produce
biofilm and adhere to medical devices causing serious medical problems resulting
in increased morbidity and mortality. Quorum quenching has been utilized to
develop bacterial adhesion resistive medical devices.
New generation medical devices coated with quorum quenchers such as contact
lenses (Tale et al. 2016), catheters (Mandakhalikar et al. 2016), dressings (Bzdrenga
et al. 2017b), aerosols (Hraiech et al. 2014), trauma devices, orthopedic devices
(Moriarty et al. 2016) and implantable devices (Francolini et al. 2017) are being
developed. 5-fluorouracil, Thiazolidinedione-8 and 3-(10-bromohexyl)-5dibromomethylene- 2(5H)-furanone have been used for the coating of catheters
(Mandakhalikar et al. 2016). 5-methylene-1-(prop-2-enoyl)-4-(2-fluorophenyl)dihydropyrrol-2-one and its derivatives are being used for medical device coating.
TrAIP-II, a truncated autoinducer peptide (AIP-II) with the exocyclic tail replaced
by acetyl group is being used as a colonization resistant material for coating of
medical devices. FS3, RNA-III inhibiting peptide (RIP) is being used in prosthetic
implants (Rémy et al. 2018).
The Gram positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus causes a variety of infections
in humans. It is responsible for both, community acquired and hospital acquired
infection. The treatment of Staphylococcus aureus is becoming challenging due to
its potential to acquire resistance to clinically used antibiotics e.g. methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In S. aureus, pathogenesis is regulated by agr quorum
sensing. Quorum sensing signal peptide binds to the histidine kinase, AgrC and
subsequently activates the response regulator, AgrA that induces the RNAIII
8 Intrusion of Bacterial Quorum-Sensing for Antimicrobial Resistance Mitigation…
pathogenic signal interference. Recently, a study shows that 4-aminoquinoline
derivatives namely, 7-Cl and 7-CF 3 substituted N-dodecylamino-4-aminoquinolines
inhibit the quorum sensing signaling in Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. They exhibit weak bactericidal activities but are potent anti biofilm
forming agents (Aleksić et al. 2017). A new class of broad spectrum quorum
quenchers, yayurea A and B were discovered that inhibit the growth of Gram negative beta- and gamma- proteobacteria. These quenchers are secreted by
Staphylococcus delphini, a ‘Staphylococcus intermedius group’ of zoonotic pathogens. Their chemical formulas are N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-urea and N-(2phenethyl)-urea, respectively. Their effects are opposite to acyl homoserine lactones
due to their ability as quenchers (Chu et al. 2013a). The addition of AHLs to the
growing phase culture of P. aeruginosa shifts the IR cell population towards the
dormant phase after the treatment with carbenicillin and ciprofloxacin (Moker et al.
2010). In P. aeruginosa, the las and rhl quorum sensing systems play a key role in
biofilm formation and their disruption leads to enhanced sensitivity of P. aeruginosa
to antibiotics and host immune system (Shih and Huang 2002; Bjarnsholt et al.
2005). Hamamelitannin and baicalin hydrate is the AHL targeting peptide based
inhibitors of the quorum sensing system. These inhibitors disrupt the biofilm formation in Gram positive (S. aureus) and Gram negative (P. aeruginosa) bacteria and
show synergistic effects in co-treatment with other antibiotics (Brackman et al.
2011b). In the presence of quorum sensing inhibitors, the efficiency of antibiotics
increases (Bulman et al. 2017; Maura and Rahme 2017). The antibiotic resistant
bacteria are the key players in hospital acquired infections. These bacteria produce
biofilm and adhere to medical devices causing serious medical problems resulting
in increased morbidity and mortality. Quorum quenching has been utilized to
develop bacterial adhesion resistive medical devices.
New generation medical devices coated with quorum quenchers such as contact
lenses (Tale et al. 2016), catheters (Mandakhalikar et al. 2016), dressings (Bzdrenga
et al. 2017b), aerosols (Hraiech et al. 2014), trauma devices, orthopedic devices
(Moriarty et al. 2016) and implantable devices (Francolini et al. 2017) are being
developed. 5-fluorouracil, Thiazolidinedione-8 and 3-(10-bromohexyl)-5dibromomethylene- 2(5H)-furanone have been used for the coating of catheters
(Mandakhalikar et al. 2016). 5-methylene-1-(prop-2-enoyl)-4-(2-fluorophenyl)dihydropyrrol-2-one and its derivatives are being used for medical device coating.
TrAIP-II, a truncated autoinducer peptide (AIP-II) with the exocyclic tail replaced
by acetyl group is being used as a colonization resistant material for coating of
medical devices. FS3, RNA-III inhibiting peptide (RIP) is being used in prosthetic
implants (Rémy et al. 2018).
The Gram positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus causes a variety of infections
in humans. It is responsible for both, community acquired and hospital acquired
infection. The treatment of Staphylococcus aureus is becoming challenging due to
its potential to acquire resistance to clinically used antibiotics e.g. methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In S. aureus, pathogenesis is regulated by agr quorum
sensing. Quorum sensing signal peptide binds to the histidine kinase, AgrC and
subsequently activates the response regulator, AgrA that induces the RNAIII
8 Intrusion of Bacterial Quorum-Sensing for Antimicrobial Resistance Mitigation…