143
resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 367(9512): 4–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0140-6736(06)68231-7
Díez-Villaseñor C, Guzmán NM, Almendros C, García-Martínez J, Mojica FJ (2013) CRISPRspacer integration reporter plasmids reveal distinct genuine acquisition specificities among
CRISPR-Cas I-E variants of Escherichia coli. RNA Biol 10(5):792–802. https://doi.
org/10.4161/rna.24023
Dixit A, Kumar N, Kumar S, Trigun V (2015) Antimicrobial resistance: progress in the decade
since emergence of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase in India. Indian J Community Med 44:4–8.
https://doi.org/10.1179/2047773215Y.0000000030
Dugar G, Herbig A, Förstner KU, Heidrich N, Reinhardt R, Nieselt K, Sharma CM (2013)
High-resolution transcriptome maps reveal strain-specific regulatory features of multiple
campylobacter jejuni isolates. PLoS Genet 9(5):e1003495. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pgen.1003495
Economou V, Gousia P (2015) Agriculture and food animals as a source of antimicrobial-resistant
bacteria. Infect Drug Resist 8:49–61. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S55778
Esvelt KM, Mali P, Braff JL, Moosburner M, Yaung SJ, Church GM (2013) Orthogonal Cas9
proteins for RNA-guided gene regulation and editing. Nat Methods 10(11):1116–1123. https://
doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2681
Euler CW, Jiang W, Nussenzweig PM, Goldberg GW, Duportet X, Fischetti VA, Marraffini LA
(2014) Exploiting CRISPR-Cas nucleases to produce sequence-specific antimicrobials. Nat
Biotechnol 32(11):1146–1150. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3043
Fernandes LGV, Guaman LP, Vasconcellos SA, Heinemann MB, Picardeau M, Nascimento
ALTO (2019) Gene silencing based on RNA-guided catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9): a
new tool for genetic engineering in Leptospira. Sci Rep 9:1839. https://doi.org/10.1038/
s41598-018-37949-x
Founou LL, Founou RC, Essack SY (2016) Antibiotic resistance in the food chain: a developing
country-perspective. Front Microbiol 23(7):1881. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01881
Fu Y, Foden J, Khayter C, Maeder ML, Reyon D, Joung JK et al (2013) High-frequency off-target
mutagenesis induced by CRISPR-Cas nucleases in human cells. Nat Biotechnol 31:822–826.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2623
Goren MG, Yosef I, Auster O, Qimron U (2012) Experimental definition of a clustered regularly
interspaced short palindromic duplicon in Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol 423(1):14–16. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2012.06.037
Hale CR, Zhao P, Olson S, Duff MO, Graveley BR, Wells L, Terns RM, Terns MP (2009) RNAguided RNA cleavage by a CRISPR RNA-Cas protein complex. Cell 139(5):945–956. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.07.040
Harrington LB, Doxzen KW, Ma E, Liu JJ, Knott GJ, Edraki A et al (2017) A broad-Spectrum inhibitor of CRISPR-Cas9. Cell 170(6):1224–1233.e15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.037
Hatoum-Aslan A, Maniv I, Marraffini LA (2011) Mature clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats RNA (crRNA) length is measured by a ruler mechanism anchored at the precursor processing site. PNAS 108(52):21218–21222. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1112832108
Higuita-Gutiérrez LF, Arango-Franco CA, Cardona-Arias JA (2018) Causal association of antibiotic use and resistant tuberculosis infection: Case control meta-analysis. Rev Esp Salud
Publica. 92. pii: e201809067
Horvath P, Barrangou R (2010) CRISPR/Cas, the immune system of bacteria and archaea. Science
327(5962):167–170. https://doi.org/10.1126/Science.1179555
Horvath P, Romero DA, Coûté-Monvoisin AC, Richards M, Deveau H, Moineau S et al (2008)
Diversity, activity, and evolution of CRISPR loci in Streptococcusthermophilus. J Bacteriol
190(4):1401–1412. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.01415-07
Houte S, Ekroth AK, Broniewski JM, Chabas H, Ashby B, Bondy-Denomy J et al (2016)
The diversity- generating benefits of a prokaryotic adaptive immune system. Nature
532(7599):385–388. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17436
6 Role of Gene Editing Tool CRISPR-Cas in the Management of Antimicrobial…
resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 367(9512): 4–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0140-6736(06)68231-7
Díez-Villaseñor C, Guzmán NM, Almendros C, García-Martínez J, Mojica FJ (2013) CRISPRspacer integration reporter plasmids reveal distinct genuine acquisition specificities among
CRISPR-Cas I-E variants of Escherichia coli. RNA Biol 10(5):792–802. https://doi.
org/10.4161/rna.24023
Dixit A, Kumar N, Kumar S, Trigun V (2015) Antimicrobial resistance: progress in the decade
since emergence of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase in India. Indian J Community Med 44:4–8.
https://doi.org/10.1179/2047773215Y.0000000030
Dugar G, Herbig A, Förstner KU, Heidrich N, Reinhardt R, Nieselt K, Sharma CM (2013)
High-resolution transcriptome maps reveal strain-specific regulatory features of multiple
campylobacter jejuni isolates. PLoS Genet 9(5):e1003495. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pgen.1003495
Economou V, Gousia P (2015) Agriculture and food animals as a source of antimicrobial-resistant
bacteria. Infect Drug Resist 8:49–61. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S55778
Esvelt KM, Mali P, Braff JL, Moosburner M, Yaung SJ, Church GM (2013) Orthogonal Cas9
proteins for RNA-guided gene regulation and editing. Nat Methods 10(11):1116–1123. https://
doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2681
Euler CW, Jiang W, Nussenzweig PM, Goldberg GW, Duportet X, Fischetti VA, Marraffini LA
(2014) Exploiting CRISPR-Cas nucleases to produce sequence-specific antimicrobials. Nat
Biotechnol 32(11):1146–1150. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3043
Fernandes LGV, Guaman LP, Vasconcellos SA, Heinemann MB, Picardeau M, Nascimento
ALTO (2019) Gene silencing based on RNA-guided catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9): a
new tool for genetic engineering in Leptospira. Sci Rep 9:1839. https://doi.org/10.1038/
s41598-018-37949-x
Founou LL, Founou RC, Essack SY (2016) Antibiotic resistance in the food chain: a developing
country-perspective. Front Microbiol 23(7):1881. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01881
Fu Y, Foden J, Khayter C, Maeder ML, Reyon D, Joung JK et al (2013) High-frequency off-target
mutagenesis induced by CRISPR-Cas nucleases in human cells. Nat Biotechnol 31:822–826.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2623
Goren MG, Yosef I, Auster O, Qimron U (2012) Experimental definition of a clustered regularly
interspaced short palindromic duplicon in Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol 423(1):14–16. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2012.06.037
Hale CR, Zhao P, Olson S, Duff MO, Graveley BR, Wells L, Terns RM, Terns MP (2009) RNAguided RNA cleavage by a CRISPR RNA-Cas protein complex. Cell 139(5):945–956. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.07.040
Harrington LB, Doxzen KW, Ma E, Liu JJ, Knott GJ, Edraki A et al (2017) A broad-Spectrum inhibitor of CRISPR-Cas9. Cell 170(6):1224–1233.e15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.037
Hatoum-Aslan A, Maniv I, Marraffini LA (2011) Mature clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats RNA (crRNA) length is measured by a ruler mechanism anchored at the precursor processing site. PNAS 108(52):21218–21222. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1112832108
Higuita-Gutiérrez LF, Arango-Franco CA, Cardona-Arias JA (2018) Causal association of antibiotic use and resistant tuberculosis infection: Case control meta-analysis. Rev Esp Salud
Publica. 92. pii: e201809067
Horvath P, Barrangou R (2010) CRISPR/Cas, the immune system of bacteria and archaea. Science
327(5962):167–170. https://doi.org/10.1126/Science.1179555
Horvath P, Romero DA, Coûté-Monvoisin AC, Richards M, Deveau H, Moineau S et al (2008)
Diversity, activity, and evolution of CRISPR loci in Streptococcusthermophilus. J Bacteriol
190(4):1401–1412. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.01415-07
Houte S, Ekroth AK, Broniewski JM, Chabas H, Ashby B, Bondy-Denomy J et al (2016)
The diversity- generating benefits of a prokaryotic adaptive immune system. Nature
532(7599):385–388. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17436
6 Role of Gene Editing Tool CRISPR-Cas in the Management of Antimicrobial…