110
Abbreviations
ATeam
Adenosine 5′-triphosphate indicator based on epsilon subunit for
analytical measurements
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
BONCAT
Bio-orthogonal noncanonical amino acid tagging
CFP
Cyan fluorescent protein
CRISPR
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
CRISPRi
CRISPR interference
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
EGFP
Enhanced green fluorescent protein
FACS
Fluorescent activated cell sorting
FRET
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
GFP
Green fluorescent protein
hip
high persistence
LC-MS/MS
Liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry
LPS
Lipopolysaccharides
NGS
Next generation sequencing
PAGE
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
pulsed-SILAC Pulsed stable isotope labelling with amino acids
QS
Quorum sensing
QUEEN
Quantitative evaluator of cellular energy
RNA-seq
RNA sequencing
sfGFP
Faster maturing superfolder green fluorescent protein
TAs
Toxin–antitoxin systems
TCA
Tricarboxylic acid cycle
YFP
Yellow fluorescent protein
Tn-seq
Transposon insertion site sequencing
5.1 Introduction
Persisters are subpopulation of isogenic bacteria that can survive even upon exposure to high dose of antibiotics (Lewis 2010). Unlike the bacteria gain antibiotic
resistance by mutating the target genes or acquire the resistance genes (Blair et al.
2015), the tolerance of persisters to antibiotics is due to the fact that bacterial cells
enter non replicative state under drug pressure where they can resume growth after
withdrawal of antibiotics from medium (Keren et al. 2004a). The tolerance and
persistence have been shown to facilitate the evolution of resistance and lead to the
emergence of antibiotic resistance (Levin-Reisman et al. 2017). This phenomenon
was noted more than 70 years ago (Hobby et al. 1942). Many environmental stresses
such as antibiotic exposure, immune pressure and starvation can lower the growth
rate of bacteria and stop cell division directly or indirectly (Eng et al. 1991). The
X. Duan et al.
Abbreviations
ATeam
Adenosine 5′-triphosphate indicator based on epsilon subunit for
analytical measurements
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
BONCAT
Bio-orthogonal noncanonical amino acid tagging
CFP
Cyan fluorescent protein
CRISPR
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
CRISPRi
CRISPR interference
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
EGFP
Enhanced green fluorescent protein
FACS
Fluorescent activated cell sorting
FRET
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
GFP
Green fluorescent protein
hip
high persistence
LC-MS/MS
Liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry
LPS
Lipopolysaccharides
NGS
Next generation sequencing
PAGE
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
pulsed-SILAC Pulsed stable isotope labelling with amino acids
QS
Quorum sensing
QUEEN
Quantitative evaluator of cellular energy
RNA-seq
RNA sequencing
sfGFP
Faster maturing superfolder green fluorescent protein
TAs
Toxin–antitoxin systems
TCA
Tricarboxylic acid cycle
YFP
Yellow fluorescent protein
Tn-seq
Transposon insertion site sequencing
5.1 Introduction
Persisters are subpopulation of isogenic bacteria that can survive even upon exposure to high dose of antibiotics (Lewis 2010). Unlike the bacteria gain antibiotic
resistance by mutating the target genes or acquire the resistance genes (Blair et al.
2015), the tolerance of persisters to antibiotics is due to the fact that bacterial cells
enter non replicative state under drug pressure where they can resume growth after
withdrawal of antibiotics from medium (Keren et al. 2004a). The tolerance and
persistence have been shown to facilitate the evolution of resistance and lead to the
emergence of antibiotic resistance (Levin-Reisman et al. 2017). This phenomenon
was noted more than 70 years ago (Hobby et al. 1942). Many environmental stresses
such as antibiotic exposure, immune pressure and starvation can lower the growth
rate of bacteria and stop cell division directly or indirectly (Eng et al. 1991). The
X. Duan et al.