preservation, quality control, privacy, and security. The geospatial data service
standards could provide capabilities for data management according to the userspecified parameters. For example, OGC WMS, WCS, WFS, and SOS provide interface for data access and collection, CSW provides interface for data cataloging,
discovery, and sharing.
WMS and WCS services are configured to serve the CDL layers (1997–2016),
crop mask layer, and crop frequency layer at the US CONUS level in CropScape;
users can cover the crop mask layer to filter their AOI data for exploration and
analysis based on the agricultural areas only. Moreover, each individual State-level
CDL layer is also available through the URL link with the State abbreviation (e.g.,
https://nassgeodata.gmu.edu/CropScape/VA). The boundary layers (e.g., COUNS,
states, counties, agricultural regions, and ASDs), the road layer (e.g., national
freeways and highways), and the water layers (e.g., rivers and lakes) are served by
WFS and WMS services to provide a specific AOI. The on-demand Earth Observation data archives (e.g., MODIS NDVI, VCI, and Landsat data), hydrological data
(e.g., flood stages, events, historical data, and SMAP), and meteorological data (e.g.,
precipitation) are served by WCS, WMS, or SOS in other agricultural data systems
(Yang et al. 2016; Di et al. 2017). In RF-CLASS, the decision-support products (e.g.,
flood acreage, crop loss, flood frequency, and flood duration data) are served by
CSW for discovery and sharing. In GADMFS, the historical and near-real-time
agricultural drought data of any part of the world is served by WCS. Other details
of data service descriptions and examples are released on the developer guide Web
pages (CropScape 2017; GADMFS 2017; VegScape 2017). Users can consume
these services in standard-compliant applications to retrieve the data for further
analysis and visualization.
18.5.2 Agricultural Data Analytics
According to an agriculture data life cycle, data analytics usually includes data
transformation, integration, analysis, and mining. The geospatial processing service
standards could offer capabilities for agricultural data processing and analysis. For
example, OGC WPS provides interfaces for geospatial process discovery, binding,
and execution.
Apparently, most of the agriculture application systems are economic or disasterrelated, especially designed for the administrative department. Meanwhile, most of
the research areas are also related to a specific spatial and temporal extent (e.g., a
county with an irregularly shaped boundary). As a result, the only use of geospatial
data services such as WCS and WMS cannot meet the requirements of the complicated analysis for knowledge discovery.
To facilitate CDL data analytics, an agricultural geoprocessing service component named CDLService is developed based on WPS standard in CropScape system;
it supports agricultural information query, data customization, statistics, change
analysis, and thematic mapping (Fig. 18.4). The GetCDLValue service queries the
18 Design and Implementation of Geospatial Data Services for Agriculture
397
standards could provide capabilities for data management according to the userspecified parameters. For example, OGC WMS, WCS, WFS, and SOS provide interface for data access and collection, CSW provides interface for data cataloging,
discovery, and sharing.
WMS and WCS services are configured to serve the CDL layers (1997–2016),
crop mask layer, and crop frequency layer at the US CONUS level in CropScape;
users can cover the crop mask layer to filter their AOI data for exploration and
analysis based on the agricultural areas only. Moreover, each individual State-level
CDL layer is also available through the URL link with the State abbreviation (e.g.,
https://nassgeodata.gmu.edu/CropScape/VA). The boundary layers (e.g., COUNS,
states, counties, agricultural regions, and ASDs), the road layer (e.g., national
freeways and highways), and the water layers (e.g., rivers and lakes) are served by
WFS and WMS services to provide a specific AOI. The on-demand Earth Observation data archives (e.g., MODIS NDVI, VCI, and Landsat data), hydrological data
(e.g., flood stages, events, historical data, and SMAP), and meteorological data (e.g.,
precipitation) are served by WCS, WMS, or SOS in other agricultural data systems
(Yang et al. 2016; Di et al. 2017). In RF-CLASS, the decision-support products (e.g.,
flood acreage, crop loss, flood frequency, and flood duration data) are served by
CSW for discovery and sharing. In GADMFS, the historical and near-real-time
agricultural drought data of any part of the world is served by WCS. Other details
of data service descriptions and examples are released on the developer guide Web
pages (CropScape 2017; GADMFS 2017; VegScape 2017). Users can consume
these services in standard-compliant applications to retrieve the data for further
analysis and visualization.
18.5.2 Agricultural Data Analytics
According to an agriculture data life cycle, data analytics usually includes data
transformation, integration, analysis, and mining. The geospatial processing service
standards could offer capabilities for agricultural data processing and analysis. For
example, OGC WPS provides interfaces for geospatial process discovery, binding,
and execution.
Apparently, most of the agriculture application systems are economic or disasterrelated, especially designed for the administrative department. Meanwhile, most of
the research areas are also related to a specific spatial and temporal extent (e.g., a
county with an irregularly shaped boundary). As a result, the only use of geospatial
data services such as WCS and WMS cannot meet the requirements of the complicated analysis for knowledge discovery.
To facilitate CDL data analytics, an agricultural geoprocessing service component named CDLService is developed based on WPS standard in CropScape system;
it supports agricultural information query, data customization, statistics, change
analysis, and thematic mapping (Fig. 18.4). The GetCDLValue service queries the
18 Design and Implementation of Geospatial Data Services for Agriculture
397