between agencies in the United States, while it lacks the ability of providing support
globally. On the other hand, land parcel identification methods are very different
between countries, especially in developing countries. For example, many developing and undeveloped nations may experience difficulty in mapping land parcel due
to either economic pressure or technology lag. Like the idea of NSDI, standardbased Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is able to serve as the bridge to share data
between countries (Nebert 2004).
Few international organizations focus on developing standards to support interoperability between countries. The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), which is
one of the leading international standard organizations, is specialized in geospatial
standards. There are many agro-geoinformation systems adopted to OGC standards
(Deng et al. 2013; Han et al. 2012; Lin et al. 2017; Sun et al. 2016a, b; Zhang et al.
2016). Land parcel identification using web services has been widely accepted in the
first generation of SDI (Kiehle et al. 2007). Standards made the visualization of
global land parcel data possible. It is valuable since global agro-geoinformation
systems could be directly overlaid with land parcel data. The result is very useful for
visual comparison and studies. Furthermore, studies were conducted for more
operations with land parcel data. Land parcel could interact with the second generation of web services, such as Web Processing Service (WPS) and Catalog Service
for the Web (CSW) (Kiehle et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2019a). The movement from
displaying to processing land parcel information provided more powerful functions
for global agro-geoinformation systems (Fig. 9.3).
9.6 Conclusion and Discussion
Land parcel identification was introduced with the challenges for location change
science (Rindfuss et al. 2004). The identification and management of land parcel
information is essential in agro-geoinformation systems. Land parcel information
provides precisely geospatial information in agricultural studies to help generate
more reliable research outcomes. Unlike other land parcel identification systems,
agriculture land parcel should contain the following features: (1) land parcel administrative data and (2) agriculture-related information.
Land parcel information is mapped by both private and public sectors. It requires
the aggregation of land parcel information from local agencies to study large-scale
agricultural change. When it comes to data management for a large area, such as
states or even entire countries, data size and performance usually stand opposite each
other. Both the EU and the United States spend a lot of effort to establish a largescale land parcel database (National Research Council 2007). With the adoption of
standards, the EU developed the land parcel identification system for agricultural
policy studies, and the national land parcel database was built in the United States.
9 Land Parcel Identification
171
globally. On the other hand, land parcel identification methods are very different
between countries, especially in developing countries. For example, many developing and undeveloped nations may experience difficulty in mapping land parcel due
to either economic pressure or technology lag. Like the idea of NSDI, standardbased Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is able to serve as the bridge to share data
between countries (Nebert 2004).
Few international organizations focus on developing standards to support interoperability between countries. The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), which is
one of the leading international standard organizations, is specialized in geospatial
standards. There are many agro-geoinformation systems adopted to OGC standards
(Deng et al. 2013; Han et al. 2012; Lin et al. 2017; Sun et al. 2016a, b; Zhang et al.
2016). Land parcel identification using web services has been widely accepted in the
first generation of SDI (Kiehle et al. 2007). Standards made the visualization of
global land parcel data possible. It is valuable since global agro-geoinformation
systems could be directly overlaid with land parcel data. The result is very useful for
visual comparison and studies. Furthermore, studies were conducted for more
operations with land parcel data. Land parcel could interact with the second generation of web services, such as Web Processing Service (WPS) and Catalog Service
for the Web (CSW) (Kiehle et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2019a). The movement from
displaying to processing land parcel information provided more powerful functions
for global agro-geoinformation systems (Fig. 9.3).
9.6 Conclusion and Discussion
Land parcel identification was introduced with the challenges for location change
science (Rindfuss et al. 2004). The identification and management of land parcel
information is essential in agro-geoinformation systems. Land parcel information
provides precisely geospatial information in agricultural studies to help generate
more reliable research outcomes. Unlike other land parcel identification systems,
agriculture land parcel should contain the following features: (1) land parcel administrative data and (2) agriculture-related information.
Land parcel information is mapped by both private and public sectors. It requires
the aggregation of land parcel information from local agencies to study large-scale
agricultural change. When it comes to data management for a large area, such as
states or even entire countries, data size and performance usually stand opposite each
other. Both the EU and the United States spend a lot of effort to establish a largescale land parcel database (National Research Council 2007). With the adoption of
standards, the EU developed the land parcel identification system for agricultural
policy studies, and the national land parcel database was built in the United States.
9 Land Parcel Identification
171