subsector in specific and the renewable sector in
general.
Therefore, this paper recommends Ugandan authorities not only to develop energy policies geared towards
expanding electricity infrastructure to increase electricity consumption only, but also address efficient
energy use to support economic growth.
REFERENCES
Abosedra, S., & Baghestani, H. 1991. New evidence on the
causal relationship between United States energy consumption and gross national product. Journal of Energy
and Development, 14, 285–292.
Acaravci, A., & Ozturk, I. 2010. On the Relationship between
Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Economic
Growth in Europe. Energy, 35(12), 5412–5420.
Akarca, A.T. & Long, T.V. 1980. On the relationship between
energy and GNP: a re- examination. The Journal of
Energy and Development, pp.326–331.
Ammah-Tagoe, F.A., 1990. On woodfuel, total energy consumption and GDP in Ghana: a study of trends and causal
relations. Center for Energy and Environmental Studies,
Boston University, Boston, MA (mimeo).
Apergis, N. & Payne, J.E. 2009a. Energy consumption and
economic growth in CentralAmerica: evidence from a
panel cointegration and error correction model. Energy
Economics 31, 211–216.
Apergis, N. & Payne, J.E. 2009b. Energy consumption and
economic growth: evidence from the commonwealth of
independent states. Energy Economics 31, 641–647.
Apergis, N., & Payne, J.E. 2010. The Renewable Energy
Consumption-Growth Nexus in Central America, Working
Paper.
Asafu-Adjaye, J. 2000. The relationship between energy
consumption, energy prices and economic growth: time
series evidence from Asian developing countries. Energy
economics. 22 (6), 615–625.
Bah, M.M. & Azam, M., 2017. Investigating the relationship
between electricity consumption and economic growth:
Evidence from South Africa. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, 80, pp.531–537.
Bhattacharya, M. Paramati, S.R, Ozturk, I. & Bhattacharya,
S. (2016). The effect of renewable energy consumption on
economic growth: Evidence from top 38 countriesApplied
Energy 162 733–741.
Bowden, N. & Payne, J.E. 2010. Sectoral Analysis of
the Causal Relationship between Renewable and NonRenewable Energy Consumption and Real Output in the
U.S. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and
Policy 5 (4), 400– 408.
Burbridge, J. & Harrison, A., 1984. Testing for the
effects of monetary policy shocks: Evidence from the
flow of funds. International Economic Review, 25,
pp.459–484.
Campbell, J.Y. & Perron, P., 1991. Pitfalls and opportunities: what macroeconomists should know about unit roots.
N BER macroeconomics annual, 6, pp.141–201.
Chien, T. & Hu, J.-L. 2007. Renewable energy and macroeconomic efficiency of OECD and non- OECD economies.
Energy Policy 35, 3606–3615.
Engle, R.F. & Granger, C.W.J. 1987. Co- integration and
error correction: representation, estimation, and testing.
Econometrica 55, 251–276.
Electricity Regulatory Authority annual report (2017, 2019).
Erol, U. & Yu, E.S., 1987. On the causal relationship
between energy and income for industrialized countries.
The Journal of Energy and Development, pp.113–122.
Ewing, B.T. Sari, R., Soytas, U. 2007. Disaggregate energy
consumption and industrial output in the United States.
Energy Policy 35, 1274–1281.
Fotourehchi, Z. (2017), Renewable energy consumption and
economic growth: A case study for developing countries.
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy,
7(2), 61–64.
Granger, C.W. 1969. Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica
37:424–438.
Hamilton, J.D., 1983. Oil and the macroeconomy since
World War II. Journal of political economy, 91(2),
pp.228–248.
Hendry, D.F. & Mizon, G.E., 1978. Serial correlation as a
convenient simplification, not a nuisance: A comment on
a study of the demand for money by the Bank of England.
The Economic Journal, 88(351), pp.549–563.
Holtz-Eakin, D. 1986. Testing for Individual Effects in
Dynamic Models Using Panel Data, NBER Technical
Paper Series, No. 57.
Holtz-Eakin, D. Newey, W. &Rosen, H. 1985. Implementing Causality Tests with Panel Data with an Example
from Local Public Finance, NBER Technical Working
Paper, No. 48.
Humbatova, S. I., Ahmadov, F. S., Seyfullayev, I. Z., &
Hajiyev, N. G. O. 2020. The relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth: evidence from
Azerbaijan. International Journal of Energy Economics
and Policy, 10(1), 436.
Ibrahiem, D.M., 2018. Investigating the causal relationship
between electricity consumption and sectoral outputs:
evidence from Egypt. Energy Transitions, 2(1), pp.31–48.
Im, K.S., Pesaran, M.H. & Shin,Y. 2003.Testing for unit roots
in heterogeneous panels. J. Econometrics 115, 53–74.
Johansen, S. 1988 Statistical analysis of cointegrating vectors, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Vol. 12,
Nos. 2–3, pp.231–254.
Johansen, S. 1991 Estimation and hypothesis testing of
cointegration vectors in Gaussian vector autoregressive
models, Econometrica, Vol. 59, No. 6, pp.1.551–1.580.
Kaygusuz, K., 2007. Energy for sustainable development:
key issues and challenges. Energy Sources, Part B:
Economics, Planning, and Policy 2, 73–83.
Kaygusuz, K. Yuksek, O. &Sari, A. 2007. Renewable energy
sources in the European Union: markets and capacity.
Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy
2, 19–29.
Kraft. J., & Kraft .A, 1978. On the relationship between
energy and GNP’ Journal of energy and Development
Vol.3 1978 401–403.
Kummel, R. & Lindenberg,D. 2014. How energy conversion drives economic growth far from the equilibrium of
neoclassical economics. New J. Physics vol 16:1-31.
Kummel, R. Schmid, J. & Lindenberg, D. 2014. Why production theory and the second law of thermodynamics support
high energy taxes. Research gate publications 123-140:
Lütkepohl, H. 1982. Non-causality due to omitted variables. Journal of Econometrics, 19(2-3), 367- 378.
Lütkepohl, H. 1999. Vector auto regression Unpublished
manuscript Institute fur statistic und Okonometrie
Humboldt- Universitat Zu Berlin.
Mawejje,J.& Mawejje, N.D. 2016. Electricity consumption
and sectoral output in Uganda: An empirical investigation
J.Econ Structures, 5-21.
282
general.
Therefore, this paper recommends Ugandan authorities not only to develop energy policies geared towards
expanding electricity infrastructure to increase electricity consumption only, but also address efficient
energy use to support economic growth.
REFERENCES
Abosedra, S., & Baghestani, H. 1991. New evidence on the
causal relationship between United States energy consumption and gross national product. Journal of Energy
and Development, 14, 285–292.
Acaravci, A., & Ozturk, I. 2010. On the Relationship between
Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Economic
Growth in Europe. Energy, 35(12), 5412–5420.
Akarca, A.T. & Long, T.V. 1980. On the relationship between
energy and GNP: a re- examination. The Journal of
Energy and Development, pp.326–331.
Ammah-Tagoe, F.A., 1990. On woodfuel, total energy consumption and GDP in Ghana: a study of trends and causal
relations. Center for Energy and Environmental Studies,
Boston University, Boston, MA (mimeo).
Apergis, N. & Payne, J.E. 2009a. Energy consumption and
economic growth in CentralAmerica: evidence from a
panel cointegration and error correction model. Energy
Economics 31, 211–216.
Apergis, N. & Payne, J.E. 2009b. Energy consumption and
economic growth: evidence from the commonwealth of
independent states. Energy Economics 31, 641–647.
Apergis, N., & Payne, J.E. 2010. The Renewable Energy
Consumption-Growth Nexus in Central America, Working
Paper.
Asafu-Adjaye, J. 2000. The relationship between energy
consumption, energy prices and economic growth: time
series evidence from Asian developing countries. Energy
economics. 22 (6), 615–625.
Bah, M.M. & Azam, M., 2017. Investigating the relationship
between electricity consumption and economic growth:
Evidence from South Africa. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, 80, pp.531–537.
Bhattacharya, M. Paramati, S.R, Ozturk, I. & Bhattacharya,
S. (2016). The effect of renewable energy consumption on
economic growth: Evidence from top 38 countriesApplied
Energy 162 733–741.
Bowden, N. & Payne, J.E. 2010. Sectoral Analysis of
the Causal Relationship between Renewable and NonRenewable Energy Consumption and Real Output in the
U.S. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and
Policy 5 (4), 400– 408.
Burbridge, J. & Harrison, A., 1984. Testing for the
effects of monetary policy shocks: Evidence from the
flow of funds. International Economic Review, 25,
pp.459–484.
Campbell, J.Y. & Perron, P., 1991. Pitfalls and opportunities: what macroeconomists should know about unit roots.
N BER macroeconomics annual, 6, pp.141–201.
Chien, T. & Hu, J.-L. 2007. Renewable energy and macroeconomic efficiency of OECD and non- OECD economies.
Energy Policy 35, 3606–3615.
Engle, R.F. & Granger, C.W.J. 1987. Co- integration and
error correction: representation, estimation, and testing.
Econometrica 55, 251–276.
Electricity Regulatory Authority annual report (2017, 2019).
Erol, U. & Yu, E.S., 1987. On the causal relationship
between energy and income for industrialized countries.
The Journal of Energy and Development, pp.113–122.
Ewing, B.T. Sari, R., Soytas, U. 2007. Disaggregate energy
consumption and industrial output in the United States.
Energy Policy 35, 1274–1281.
Fotourehchi, Z. (2017), Renewable energy consumption and
economic growth: A case study for developing countries.
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy,
7(2), 61–64.
Granger, C.W. 1969. Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica
37:424–438.
Hamilton, J.D., 1983. Oil and the macroeconomy since
World War II. Journal of political economy, 91(2),
pp.228–248.
Hendry, D.F. & Mizon, G.E., 1978. Serial correlation as a
convenient simplification, not a nuisance: A comment on
a study of the demand for money by the Bank of England.
The Economic Journal, 88(351), pp.549–563.
Holtz-Eakin, D. 1986. Testing for Individual Effects in
Dynamic Models Using Panel Data, NBER Technical
Paper Series, No. 57.
Holtz-Eakin, D. Newey, W. &Rosen, H. 1985. Implementing Causality Tests with Panel Data with an Example
from Local Public Finance, NBER Technical Working
Paper, No. 48.
Humbatova, S. I., Ahmadov, F. S., Seyfullayev, I. Z., &
Hajiyev, N. G. O. 2020. The relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth: evidence from
Azerbaijan. International Journal of Energy Economics
and Policy, 10(1), 436.
Ibrahiem, D.M., 2018. Investigating the causal relationship
between electricity consumption and sectoral outputs:
evidence from Egypt. Energy Transitions, 2(1), pp.31–48.
Im, K.S., Pesaran, M.H. & Shin,Y. 2003.Testing for unit roots
in heterogeneous panels. J. Econometrics 115, 53–74.
Johansen, S. 1988 Statistical analysis of cointegrating vectors, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Vol. 12,
Nos. 2–3, pp.231–254.
Johansen, S. 1991 Estimation and hypothesis testing of
cointegration vectors in Gaussian vector autoregressive
models, Econometrica, Vol. 59, No. 6, pp.1.551–1.580.
Kaygusuz, K., 2007. Energy for sustainable development:
key issues and challenges. Energy Sources, Part B:
Economics, Planning, and Policy 2, 73–83.
Kaygusuz, K. Yuksek, O. &Sari, A. 2007. Renewable energy
sources in the European Union: markets and capacity.
Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy
2, 19–29.
Kraft. J., & Kraft .A, 1978. On the relationship between
energy and GNP’ Journal of energy and Development
Vol.3 1978 401–403.
Kummel, R. & Lindenberg,D. 2014. How energy conversion drives economic growth far from the equilibrium of
neoclassical economics. New J. Physics vol 16:1-31.
Kummel, R. Schmid, J. & Lindenberg, D. 2014. Why production theory and the second law of thermodynamics support
high energy taxes. Research gate publications 123-140:
Lütkepohl, H. 1982. Non-causality due to omitted variables. Journal of Econometrics, 19(2-3), 367- 378.
Lütkepohl, H. 1999. Vector auto regression Unpublished
manuscript Institute fur statistic und Okonometrie
Humboldt- Universitat Zu Berlin.
Mawejje,J.& Mawejje, N.D. 2016. Electricity consumption
and sectoral output in Uganda: An empirical investigation
J.Econ Structures, 5-21.
282