further increase in the liquid fuel yield. With other
optimal conditions, it is the optimal time for a 100 g
sample of used tyres to produce liquid fuel.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER
RESEARCH
The liquid fuel produced is not refined despite the
fact that it has a higher calorific value compared to
petroleum diesel (Mamun et al., 2015). Research is
still needed on refining the liquid fuel so as to be used
directly in the internal combustion engines. Furthermore, more research is needed on the composition and
possible use of gaseous products.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The World Bank’s Africa Centre of Excellence in Phytochemicals, Textile and Renewable Energy (ACEII
–PTRE), Moi University is acknowledged for the full
funding of the study. In addition, Moi University
School of Engineering department of Mechanical, Production and Energy Engineering is much appreciated
for the technical support and permission to use most
of their facilities.
REFERENCES
Antony, J. (2014). Design of Experiments for Engineers and
Scientists. (2nd ed.). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/
C2012-0-03558-2
Canon, A. R., Muñoz-Camelo, Y., & Singh, P. (2018).
Decomposition of Used Tyre Rubber by Pyrolysis:
Enhancement of the Physical Properties of the Liquid
Fraction Using a Hydrogen Stream. Environments, 5(6).
https://doi.org/10.3390/environments5060072
Gernod Dilewski. (2012). Waste Tyre Management Kenya.
https://studylib.net/doc/8747300/content-of-the-presentat
ion—kmi—kenya-motor-industry-.
Hossain, M. S., & Rahman, D.A. N. M. M. (2015). Production
of Liquid Fuel from Pyrolysis of WasteTires. International
Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 6(11),
1224–1229. https://doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2015.11.013
Idris, R., Chong, C. T., & Ani, F. N. (2019). Microwaveinduced pyrolysis of waste truck tyres with carbonaceous susceptor for the production of diesel-like
fuel. Journal of Energy Institute, 92(6), 1831–1841.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2018.11.009
Kumar, A., Chirchir, A., Namango, S. S., & Kiriamiti, H. K. (2016). Microwave Irradiated Transesterification of Croton Megalocarpus Oil – Process Optimization using Response Surface Methodology. Proceedings of the 2016 Annual Conference
on Sustainable Research and Innovation, 177–184.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311790689
Mamun, A. Al, Salam, B., Ani, F. N., Md, S., & Kabir,
H. (2015). Pyrolysis of Scrap Tyre by Microwave.
https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.32638.59208
Murugan, S., Ramaswamy, M. C., & Govindan, N. (2008).
The Use of Tyre Pyrolysis Oil in Diesel Engines. Waste
Management, 28(12), 2743–2749. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.wasman.2008.03.007
Singh, S. (2015). How long will fossil fuels last?
https://www.business-standard.com/article/punditry/howlong-will-fossil-fuels-last-115092201397_1.html
Song, Z., Yang, Y., Sun, J., Zhao, X., Wang, W.,
& Mao, Y. (2017). Effect of power level on the
microwave pyrolysis of tire powder. Energy, 127, 571–
580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.150
Wikipedia. (n.d.). Pyrolysis. Retrieved April 18, 2021, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysis
Yang, A. L. C., & Ani, F. N. (2016). Controlled MicrowaveInduced Pyrolysis of Waste Rubber Tires. International
Journal of Technology, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.14716/
ijtech.v7i2.2973
215
optimal conditions, it is the optimal time for a 100 g
sample of used tyres to produce liquid fuel.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER
RESEARCH
The liquid fuel produced is not refined despite the
fact that it has a higher calorific value compared to
petroleum diesel (Mamun et al., 2015). Research is
still needed on refining the liquid fuel so as to be used
directly in the internal combustion engines. Furthermore, more research is needed on the composition and
possible use of gaseous products.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The World Bank’s Africa Centre of Excellence in Phytochemicals, Textile and Renewable Energy (ACEII
–PTRE), Moi University is acknowledged for the full
funding of the study. In addition, Moi University
School of Engineering department of Mechanical, Production and Energy Engineering is much appreciated
for the technical support and permission to use most
of their facilities.
REFERENCES
Antony, J. (2014). Design of Experiments for Engineers and
Scientists. (2nd ed.). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/
C2012-0-03558-2
Canon, A. R., Muñoz-Camelo, Y., & Singh, P. (2018).
Decomposition of Used Tyre Rubber by Pyrolysis:
Enhancement of the Physical Properties of the Liquid
Fraction Using a Hydrogen Stream. Environments, 5(6).
https://doi.org/10.3390/environments5060072
Gernod Dilewski. (2012). Waste Tyre Management Kenya.
https://studylib.net/doc/8747300/content-of-the-presentat
ion—kmi—kenya-motor-industry-.
Hossain, M. S., & Rahman, D.A. N. M. M. (2015). Production
of Liquid Fuel from Pyrolysis of WasteTires. International
Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 6(11),
1224–1229. https://doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2015.11.013
Idris, R., Chong, C. T., & Ani, F. N. (2019). Microwaveinduced pyrolysis of waste truck tyres with carbonaceous susceptor for the production of diesel-like
fuel. Journal of Energy Institute, 92(6), 1831–1841.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2018.11.009
Kumar, A., Chirchir, A., Namango, S. S., & Kiriamiti, H. K. (2016). Microwave Irradiated Transesterification of Croton Megalocarpus Oil – Process Optimization using Response Surface Methodology. Proceedings of the 2016 Annual Conference
on Sustainable Research and Innovation, 177–184.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311790689
Mamun, A. Al, Salam, B., Ani, F. N., Md, S., & Kabir,
H. (2015). Pyrolysis of Scrap Tyre by Microwave.
https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.32638.59208
Murugan, S., Ramaswamy, M. C., & Govindan, N. (2008).
The Use of Tyre Pyrolysis Oil in Diesel Engines. Waste
Management, 28(12), 2743–2749. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.wasman.2008.03.007
Singh, S. (2015). How long will fossil fuels last?
https://www.business-standard.com/article/punditry/howlong-will-fossil-fuels-last-115092201397_1.html
Song, Z., Yang, Y., Sun, J., Zhao, X., Wang, W.,
& Mao, Y. (2017). Effect of power level on the
microwave pyrolysis of tire powder. Energy, 127, 571–
580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.150
Wikipedia. (n.d.). Pyrolysis. Retrieved April 18, 2021, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysis
Yang, A. L. C., & Ani, F. N. (2016). Controlled MicrowaveInduced Pyrolysis of Waste Rubber Tires. International
Journal of Technology, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.14716/
ijtech.v7i2.2973
215