oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes. The essential oils showed
higher insecticidal activity against bean weevils than
maize weevils. Further studies should investigate the
variation of the chemical composition of the essential
oils at different times of the year as well as isolate pure
compounds from the oils and test their bioinsecticidal
activity against the storage pests.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to the Government of the
Republic of Uganda for the scholarship awarded to
JMK and the Africa Center of Excellence II in Phytochemicals, Textiles and Renewable Energy (ACE
II PTRE), Moi University that made this communication possible. The support of Department of
Chemistry, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
is highly acknowledged for the analytical success of
this research.
REFERENCES
Abdelgaleil, S. A., Mohamed, M. I., Shawir, M. S., & AbouTaleb, H. K. 2016. Chemical composition, insecticidal
and biochemical effects of essential oils of different plant
species from Northern Egypt on the rice weevil, Sitophilus
oryzae L. Journal of Pest Science, 89, 219–229.
Abdelghany, A. Y., Awadalla, S. S., Abdel-Baky, N. F., ElSyrafi, H. A., & Fields, P. G. 2010. Stored-product insects
in botanical warehouses. Journal of Stored Products
Research, 46, 93–97.
Akın, M. H., Saraço˘ glu, T., Demirci, B., Ba¸ ser, K. H. C., &
Küçüködük, M. 2012. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from different parts of
Bupleurum rotundifolium L. Records of Natural Products,
6, 316–320.
Asawalam, E. F., Emosairue, S. O., & Hassanali, A. 2006.
Bioactivity of Xylopia aetiopica (Dunal) a rich essential oil constituents on maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais
Motch. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Electronic Journal
of Environment, Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 5,
195–204.
Athanassiou, C. G., Hasan, M. M., Phillips, T. W., Aikins,
M. J., & Throne, J. E. 2015. Efficacy of Methyl Bromide
for Control of Different Life Stages of Stored-Product
Psocids. Journal of Economic Entomology, 108, 1422–
1428.
Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D., & Idaomar, M. 2008.
Biological effects of essential oils-a review. Food and
Chemical Toxicology, 46, 446–475.
Barnola, L. F., & Cedeño, A. 2000. Inter-population differences in the essential oils of Pinus caribaea needles.
Biochemical Systematics & Ecology, 28, 923–931.
Barnola, L. F., Cedeño, A., & Hasegawa, M. 1997. Intraindividual Variations of Volatile Terpene Contents in Pinus
caribaea Needles and Its Possible Relationship to Atta
laevigata Herbivory. Biochemical Systematics & Ecology,
25, 707–716.
Barnola, L. F., Hasegawa, M., & Cedefm, A. 1994. Monoand sesquiterpene variation in Pinus caribaea needles and
its relationship to Atta laevigata herbivory. Biochemical
Systematics & Ecology, 22, 437–445.
Baser, K. H. C., Demirci, B., Kurkcuoglu, M., Satin, F., &
Tumen, G. 2009. Comparative morphological and phytochemical charactertization of Salvia cadmica and S.
smyrnaea. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 41, 1545–1555.
Baser, K. H. C., Demirei, B., Özek, T., Akalin, E., & Özhatay,
N. 2002a. Micro-distilled volatile compounds from Ferulago species growing in Western Turkey. Pharmaceutical
Biology, 40, 466–471.
Baser, K. H. C., Nuriddinov, H. R., Ozek, T., Demirci, A. B.,
Azcan, N., & Nigmatullaev, A. M. 2002b. Essential oil
of Arischrada korolkowii from the Chatkal mountains of
Uzbekistan. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 38, 51–53.
Bradshaw, A. D. 1965. Evolutionary Significance of Phenotypic Plasticity in Plants. Advances in Genetics, 13,
115–155.
Casem, M. L. 2016. Cell systems. In: Case studies in Cell
biology. Academic Press, Elsevier. p. 1–406.
Chen, H., Akinkurolere, R. O., & Zhang, H. 2011. Fumigant
activity of plant essential oil from Armoracia rusticana
(L.) on Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and
Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). African
Journal of Biotechnology, 10, 1200–1205.
Chowdhury, J. U., Bhuiyan, M. N. I., & Nandi, N. C.
2008. Essential oil constituents of needles, dry needles,
inflorescences and resins of Pinus caribaea Morelet growing in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 37,
211–212.
Coppen, J. J. W., Gay, C., James, D. J., Robinson, J. M.,
& Mullin, I. J. 1993. Xylem resin composition and
chemotaxonomy of three varieties of Pinus caribaea.
Phytochemistry, 33, 1103–1111.
Coppen, J. J. W., James, D. J., Robinson, J. M., & Subansenee, W. 1998. Variability in Xylem Resin Composition
Amongst Natural Populations of Thai and Filipino Pinus
merkusii de Vriese Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 13,
33–39.
Coppen, J. J. W., Ronbinson, J. M., & Mullin, I. J. 1988.
Composition of xylem resin from five Mexican and
Central American Pinus species growing in Zimbabwe.
Phytochemistry, 27, 1731–1734.
Dagne, E., Bekele, T., Bisrat, D.,Alemayehu, M., Warka, T., &
Elokaokich, J. P. 1999. Essentail oils of Resins from three
Pinus species growing in Ethiopia and Uganda Ethiopia
Journal of Sciences, 22, 253–257.
Demirci, B., Yusufoglu, H. S., Tabanca, N., Temel, H. E.,
Bernier, U. R., Agramonte, N. M., .&Demirci, F. 2017.
Rhanterium epapposum Oliv. essential oil: Chemical
composition and antimicrobial, insect-repellent and anticholinesterase activities. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal,
25, 703–708.
Dob, T., Berramdane, T., & Chelghoum, C. 2007. Essential oil
composition of Pinus halepensis Mill. from three different
regions of Algeria. Journal Essential Oil Research, 19,
40–43.
Ekundayo, O. 1978. Monoterpenes composition of the needles oils of Pinus species. Journal of Chromatographic
Science, 16, 294–295.
Ekundayo, O. 1988. Volatile constituents of Pinus needle oils.
Flavour Fragrance, 3, 1–11.
Finney, D. J. 1971. Probit Analysis, 3rd ed. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, England. p. 333.
Gaire, S., Scharf, M. E., & Gondhalekar, A. D. 2019. Toxicity
and neurophysiological impacts of plant essential oil components on bed bugs (Cimicidae: Hemiptera). Scientific
Reports, 9, 3961.
Gerwick, B. C., & Sparks, T. C. 2014. Natural products for
pest control: An analysis of their role, value and future.
Pest Management Science 70, 1169–1185.
167
higher insecticidal activity against bean weevils than
maize weevils. Further studies should investigate the
variation of the chemical composition of the essential
oils at different times of the year as well as isolate pure
compounds from the oils and test their bioinsecticidal
activity against the storage pests.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to the Government of the
Republic of Uganda for the scholarship awarded to
JMK and the Africa Center of Excellence II in Phytochemicals, Textiles and Renewable Energy (ACE
II PTRE), Moi University that made this communication possible. The support of Department of
Chemistry, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
is highly acknowledged for the analytical success of
this research.
REFERENCES
Abdelgaleil, S. A., Mohamed, M. I., Shawir, M. S., & AbouTaleb, H. K. 2016. Chemical composition, insecticidal
and biochemical effects of essential oils of different plant
species from Northern Egypt on the rice weevil, Sitophilus
oryzae L. Journal of Pest Science, 89, 219–229.
Abdelghany, A. Y., Awadalla, S. S., Abdel-Baky, N. F., ElSyrafi, H. A., & Fields, P. G. 2010. Stored-product insects
in botanical warehouses. Journal of Stored Products
Research, 46, 93–97.
Akın, M. H., Saraço˘ glu, T., Demirci, B., Ba¸ ser, K. H. C., &
Küçüködük, M. 2012. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from different parts of
Bupleurum rotundifolium L. Records of Natural Products,
6, 316–320.
Asawalam, E. F., Emosairue, S. O., & Hassanali, A. 2006.
Bioactivity of Xylopia aetiopica (Dunal) a rich essential oil constituents on maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais
Motch. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Electronic Journal
of Environment, Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 5,
195–204.
Athanassiou, C. G., Hasan, M. M., Phillips, T. W., Aikins,
M. J., & Throne, J. E. 2015. Efficacy of Methyl Bromide
for Control of Different Life Stages of Stored-Product
Psocids. Journal of Economic Entomology, 108, 1422–
1428.
Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D., & Idaomar, M. 2008.
Biological effects of essential oils-a review. Food and
Chemical Toxicology, 46, 446–475.
Barnola, L. F., & Cedeño, A. 2000. Inter-population differences in the essential oils of Pinus caribaea needles.
Biochemical Systematics & Ecology, 28, 923–931.
Barnola, L. F., Cedeño, A., & Hasegawa, M. 1997. Intraindividual Variations of Volatile Terpene Contents in Pinus
caribaea Needles and Its Possible Relationship to Atta
laevigata Herbivory. Biochemical Systematics & Ecology,
25, 707–716.
Barnola, L. F., Hasegawa, M., & Cedefm, A. 1994. Monoand sesquiterpene variation in Pinus caribaea needles and
its relationship to Atta laevigata herbivory. Biochemical
Systematics & Ecology, 22, 437–445.
Baser, K. H. C., Demirci, B., Kurkcuoglu, M., Satin, F., &
Tumen, G. 2009. Comparative morphological and phytochemical charactertization of Salvia cadmica and S.
smyrnaea. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 41, 1545–1555.
Baser, K. H. C., Demirei, B., Özek, T., Akalin, E., & Özhatay,
N. 2002a. Micro-distilled volatile compounds from Ferulago species growing in Western Turkey. Pharmaceutical
Biology, 40, 466–471.
Baser, K. H. C., Nuriddinov, H. R., Ozek, T., Demirci, A. B.,
Azcan, N., & Nigmatullaev, A. M. 2002b. Essential oil
of Arischrada korolkowii from the Chatkal mountains of
Uzbekistan. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 38, 51–53.
Bradshaw, A. D. 1965. Evolutionary Significance of Phenotypic Plasticity in Plants. Advances in Genetics, 13,
115–155.
Casem, M. L. 2016. Cell systems. In: Case studies in Cell
biology. Academic Press, Elsevier. p. 1–406.
Chen, H., Akinkurolere, R. O., & Zhang, H. 2011. Fumigant
activity of plant essential oil from Armoracia rusticana
(L.) on Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and
Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). African
Journal of Biotechnology, 10, 1200–1205.
Chowdhury, J. U., Bhuiyan, M. N. I., & Nandi, N. C.
2008. Essential oil constituents of needles, dry needles,
inflorescences and resins of Pinus caribaea Morelet growing in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 37,
211–212.
Coppen, J. J. W., Gay, C., James, D. J., Robinson, J. M.,
& Mullin, I. J. 1993. Xylem resin composition and
chemotaxonomy of three varieties of Pinus caribaea.
Phytochemistry, 33, 1103–1111.
Coppen, J. J. W., James, D. J., Robinson, J. M., & Subansenee, W. 1998. Variability in Xylem Resin Composition
Amongst Natural Populations of Thai and Filipino Pinus
merkusii de Vriese Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 13,
33–39.
Coppen, J. J. W., Ronbinson, J. M., & Mullin, I. J. 1988.
Composition of xylem resin from five Mexican and
Central American Pinus species growing in Zimbabwe.
Phytochemistry, 27, 1731–1734.
Dagne, E., Bekele, T., Bisrat, D.,Alemayehu, M., Warka, T., &
Elokaokich, J. P. 1999. Essentail oils of Resins from three
Pinus species growing in Ethiopia and Uganda Ethiopia
Journal of Sciences, 22, 253–257.
Demirci, B., Yusufoglu, H. S., Tabanca, N., Temel, H. E.,
Bernier, U. R., Agramonte, N. M., .&Demirci, F. 2017.
Rhanterium epapposum Oliv. essential oil: Chemical
composition and antimicrobial, insect-repellent and anticholinesterase activities. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal,
25, 703–708.
Dob, T., Berramdane, T., & Chelghoum, C. 2007. Essential oil
composition of Pinus halepensis Mill. from three different
regions of Algeria. Journal Essential Oil Research, 19,
40–43.
Ekundayo, O. 1978. Monoterpenes composition of the needles oils of Pinus species. Journal of Chromatographic
Science, 16, 294–295.
Ekundayo, O. 1988. Volatile constituents of Pinus needle oils.
Flavour Fragrance, 3, 1–11.
Finney, D. J. 1971. Probit Analysis, 3rd ed. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, England. p. 333.
Gaire, S., Scharf, M. E., & Gondhalekar, A. D. 2019. Toxicity
and neurophysiological impacts of plant essential oil components on bed bugs (Cimicidae: Hemiptera). Scientific
Reports, 9, 3961.
Gerwick, B. C., & Sparks, T. C. 2014. Natural products for
pest control: An analysis of their role, value and future.
Pest Management Science 70, 1169–1185.
167