by the method of extraction and the use of a mordant,
thus the data were analysed statistically using t-test one
way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with significant
values of 0.05.
4 CONCLUSIONS
Globally, serious efforts and awareness are in place to
favour the shift towards the use of natural resources,
especially as a source of dyes since they are friendly to
the environment. This research showed Flavoparmelia
caperata lichen species can be used as a source of natural dyes. The use of a vinegar mordant gave rise to
different shades using different mordanting methods
to achieve reasonable fastness properties.
The presence of anthraquinones, flavonoids,
steroids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, fixed oils, and
alkaloids in the Flavoparmelia caperata extract indicates that it can be a source of natural dyes with good
colour fastness properties to light, rub, and wash.
5 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The following limitations were established in this
research work:
• Crude extract was used to dye cotton fabric in this
study.
• Only 100% cotton fabric was dyed in this work.
• Only beaker dyeing was used in this work which was
slow as compared to continuous dyeing process.
• Vinegar mordant was used, no other fixing agent
was used in this project.
6 RECOMMENDATION
Further research needs to be done to determine the
chromophoric structures of the colouring components
present in the crude extract that are responsible for the
characteristic brown and purple colour development
on the cellulosic fabric.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge the Africa
Centre of Excellence in Phytochemicals, Textile and
Renewable Energy (ACEII – PTRE) for funding this
work.
REFERENCES
Ain, J. N., Sakinah, A. M. M., & Zularisam, A. W. (2016).
Effects of Different Extraction Conditions on The Production of Anthraquinone. Australian Journal of Basic and
Applied Sciences, 10(17), 128–135.
An, S., Zhao, L. P., Shen, L. J., Wang, S., Zhang, K., Qi, Y.,
Zheng, J., Zhang, X. J., Zhu, X. Y., Bao, R., Yang, L., Lu,
Y. X., She, Z. G., & Tang, Y. Da. (2017). USP18 protects
against hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance through its
deubiquitinating activity. Hepatology, 66(6), 1866–1884.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.29375
Arthur, M., & Csiro, F. (n.d.). Colour fastness Contemporary wool dyeing and finishing. https://www.woolwise.
com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/04.1-Colour-FastnessPresentation.pdf
Benkhaya, S., Harfi, S. El, & Harfi, A. El. (2018). Classifications, properties and applications of textile dyes: A
review. January 2017.
Coriaria, A., Species, P., Janani, L., Hillary, L., & Phillips, K.
(2014). Mordanting Methods for Dyeing Cotton Fabrics
with. 4(10), 1–5.
Daberao, A. M., Kolte, P. P., & Turukmane, R. N. (2016).
Cotton Dying with Natural Dye. International Journal of
Research and Scientific Innovation, March 2018, 2321–
2705.
Foisal, A., & Nahar, N. (2016). Institutional Engineering and
Technology (IET) Green Global Foundation ©. April.
Grover, N., & Patni, V. (2011). Extraction and application of
natural dye preparations from the floral parts of Woodfordia fruticosa (Linn.) Kurz. Indian Journal of Natural
Products and Resources, 2(4), 403–408.
Janani, L. (2015). Dye for the Future: Natural Dye from
Morinda Lucida Plant for Cotton and Silk Fabrics.
2(October), 601–606.
Jihad, R. (2014). Dyeing of Silk Using Natural Dyes
Extracted From Local Plants. International Journal of
Scientific & Engineering Research, 5(11), 809–818.
Kalra, R., Conlan, X.A., & Goel, M. (2020). Fungi as a Potential Source of Pigments: Harnessing Filamentous Fungi.
Frontiers in Chemistry, 8(May), 1–23. https://doi.org/
10.3389/fchem.2020.00369
Kumar, V., & Prabha, R. (2018). Extraction and analysis of
natural dye. J. Nat. Prod. Plant Resour, 8(2), 32–38.
Malik, A., & Grohmann, E. (2012). Environmental protection strategies for sustainable development. Environmental Protection Strategies for Sustainable Development,
January, 1–605. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-0071591-2
Mohamed, N.A., Ahmad, M.R., Abd Kadir, M.I., Ismail,
A., & Wan Ahmad, W.Y. (2015). Dyeing of Silk Fabric
with Extracted Dyes from Lichens. Advanced Materials Research, 1134(December), 165–170. https: //doi.org/
10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1134.165
Mozumder, S., & Majumder, S. (2016). Comparison between
Cotton and Silk Fabric Dyed With Turmeric Natural
Colorant. March.
Mphande, B. C., & Pogrebnoi, A. (2014). Impact of extraction methods upon light absorbance of natural organic
dyes for dye sensitized solar cells application. 3(3),
38–45. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jenr.20140303.13
Prabhavathi, R., Devi, A. S., & Anitha, D. (2015). Improving the colour fastness of the selected natural dyes on
cotton. Asian Journal of Home Science, 10(1), 240–244.
https://doi.org/10.15740/has/ajhs/10.1/240-244
Shaheen, S., Iqbal, Z., & Hussain, M. (2019). First report of
dye yielding potential and compounds of lichens: a cultural heritage of himalayan communities, pakistan. 51(1),
341–360. https://doi.org/10.30848/PJB2019
Sharma, A., & Grover, E. (2011). Colour fastness of walnut
dye on cotton. Indian Journal of Natural Products and
Resources, 2(2), 164–169.
130
thus the data were analysed statistically using t-test one
way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with significant
values of 0.05.
4 CONCLUSIONS
Globally, serious efforts and awareness are in place to
favour the shift towards the use of natural resources,
especially as a source of dyes since they are friendly to
the environment. This research showed Flavoparmelia
caperata lichen species can be used as a source of natural dyes. The use of a vinegar mordant gave rise to
different shades using different mordanting methods
to achieve reasonable fastness properties.
The presence of anthraquinones, flavonoids,
steroids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, fixed oils, and
alkaloids in the Flavoparmelia caperata extract indicates that it can be a source of natural dyes with good
colour fastness properties to light, rub, and wash.
5 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The following limitations were established in this
research work:
• Crude extract was used to dye cotton fabric in this
study.
• Only 100% cotton fabric was dyed in this work.
• Only beaker dyeing was used in this work which was
slow as compared to continuous dyeing process.
• Vinegar mordant was used, no other fixing agent
was used in this project.
6 RECOMMENDATION
Further research needs to be done to determine the
chromophoric structures of the colouring components
present in the crude extract that are responsible for the
characteristic brown and purple colour development
on the cellulosic fabric.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge the Africa
Centre of Excellence in Phytochemicals, Textile and
Renewable Energy (ACEII – PTRE) for funding this
work.
REFERENCES
Ain, J. N., Sakinah, A. M. M., & Zularisam, A. W. (2016).
Effects of Different Extraction Conditions on The Production of Anthraquinone. Australian Journal of Basic and
Applied Sciences, 10(17), 128–135.
An, S., Zhao, L. P., Shen, L. J., Wang, S., Zhang, K., Qi, Y.,
Zheng, J., Zhang, X. J., Zhu, X. Y., Bao, R., Yang, L., Lu,
Y. X., She, Z. G., & Tang, Y. Da. (2017). USP18 protects
against hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance through its
deubiquitinating activity. Hepatology, 66(6), 1866–1884.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.29375
Arthur, M., & Csiro, F. (n.d.). Colour fastness Contemporary wool dyeing and finishing. https://www.woolwise.
com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/04.1-Colour-FastnessPresentation.pdf
Benkhaya, S., Harfi, S. El, & Harfi, A. El. (2018). Classifications, properties and applications of textile dyes: A
review. January 2017.
Coriaria, A., Species, P., Janani, L., Hillary, L., & Phillips, K.
(2014). Mordanting Methods for Dyeing Cotton Fabrics
with. 4(10), 1–5.
Daberao, A. M., Kolte, P. P., & Turukmane, R. N. (2016).
Cotton Dying with Natural Dye. International Journal of
Research and Scientific Innovation, March 2018, 2321–
2705.
Foisal, A., & Nahar, N. (2016). Institutional Engineering and
Technology (IET) Green Global Foundation ©. April.
Grover, N., & Patni, V. (2011). Extraction and application of
natural dye preparations from the floral parts of Woodfordia fruticosa (Linn.) Kurz. Indian Journal of Natural
Products and Resources, 2(4), 403–408.
Janani, L. (2015). Dye for the Future: Natural Dye from
Morinda Lucida Plant for Cotton and Silk Fabrics.
2(October), 601–606.
Jihad, R. (2014). Dyeing of Silk Using Natural Dyes
Extracted From Local Plants. International Journal of
Scientific & Engineering Research, 5(11), 809–818.
Kalra, R., Conlan, X.A., & Goel, M. (2020). Fungi as a Potential Source of Pigments: Harnessing Filamentous Fungi.
Frontiers in Chemistry, 8(May), 1–23. https://doi.org/
10.3389/fchem.2020.00369
Kumar, V., & Prabha, R. (2018). Extraction and analysis of
natural dye. J. Nat. Prod. Plant Resour, 8(2), 32–38.
Malik, A., & Grohmann, E. (2012). Environmental protection strategies for sustainable development. Environmental Protection Strategies for Sustainable Development,
January, 1–605. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-0071591-2
Mohamed, N.A., Ahmad, M.R., Abd Kadir, M.I., Ismail,
A., & Wan Ahmad, W.Y. (2015). Dyeing of Silk Fabric
with Extracted Dyes from Lichens. Advanced Materials Research, 1134(December), 165–170. https: //doi.org/
10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1134.165
Mozumder, S., & Majumder, S. (2016). Comparison between
Cotton and Silk Fabric Dyed With Turmeric Natural
Colorant. March.
Mphande, B. C., & Pogrebnoi, A. (2014). Impact of extraction methods upon light absorbance of natural organic
dyes for dye sensitized solar cells application. 3(3),
38–45. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jenr.20140303.13
Prabhavathi, R., Devi, A. S., & Anitha, D. (2015). Improving the colour fastness of the selected natural dyes on
cotton. Asian Journal of Home Science, 10(1), 240–244.
https://doi.org/10.15740/has/ajhs/10.1/240-244
Shaheen, S., Iqbal, Z., & Hussain, M. (2019). First report of
dye yielding potential and compounds of lichens: a cultural heritage of himalayan communities, pakistan. 51(1),
341–360. https://doi.org/10.30848/PJB2019
Sharma, A., & Grover, E. (2011). Colour fastness of walnut
dye on cotton. Indian Journal of Natural Products and
Resources, 2(2), 164–169.
130