Eldoret, Kenya for financial support and Moi UniversityTextile Department, for the laboratory services and
analytical success of this research.
REFERENCES
Ariadurai, S. (2013). Bio-Composites: Current Status and
Future Trends.
Bashir, N. H. (2013). Plastic problem in Africa. Japanese
Journal ofVeterinary Research, 61(Supplement), S1–S11.
dos Santos Rosa, D., & Lenz, D. M. (2013). Biocomposites: Influence of matrix nature and additives on the properties and biodegradation behaviour. Biodegradation–
Engineering and Technology; InTech: Rijeka, Croatia,
433–475.
Elsabbagh, A., Steuernagel, L., & Ring, J. (2017). Natural Fibre/PA6 composites with flame retardance properties: Extrusion and characterisation. Composites Part B:
Engineering, 108, 325–333.
Fuqua, M. A., Huo, S., & Ulven, C. A. (2012). Natural fiber
reinforced composites. Polymer Reviews, 52(3), 259–320.
Gassan, J., & Bledzki, A. K. (2001). Thermal degradation of
flax and jute fibers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science,
82(6), 1417–1422.
Gunatillake, P. A., & Adhikari, R. (2003). Biodegradable synthetic polymers for tissue engineering. Eur Cell Mater,
5(1), 1–16.
Harris, B. (1999). Engineering composite materials.
Huda, S., & Yang, Y. (2008). Chemically extracted cornhusk
fibers as reinforcement in light-weight poly(propylene)
composites. Macromol Mater Eng, 293, 235–243.
Imoisili, P. E., Tonye, D. I., Victor, P. A., & Elvis, O. A.
(2018). Effect of High-frequency Microwave Radiation on
the Mechanical Properties of Plantain (Musa paradisiaca)
Fibre/Epoxy Biocomposite. Journal of Physical Science,
29(3).
Kalia, S., Thakur, K., Celli, A., Kiechel, M. A., & Schauer, C.
L. (2013). Surface modification of plant fibers using environment friendly methods for their application in polymer
composites, textile industry and antimicrobial activities:A
review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering,
1(3), 97–112.
Li, X., Panigrahi, S., & Tabil, L. (2009). A study on
flax fiber-reinforced polyethylene biocomposites.Applied
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challenges in the green material world. J Polym Environ
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overview. Macromolecular materials and Engineering,
276(1), 1–24.
Muriira, N. G., Muchugi, A., Yu, A., Xu, J., & Liu, A. (2018).
Genetic Diversity Analysis Reveals Genetic Differentiation and Strong Population Structure in Calotropis Plants.
Scientific Reports, 8(1), 7832. doi: 10.1038/s41598-01826275-x
Ochi, S. (2008). Mechanical properties of kenaf fibers and
kenaf/PLA composites. Mechanics of Materials, 40, 446–
452. doi: 10.1016/j.mechmat.2007.10.006
Puglia, D., Biagiotti, J., & Kenny, J. (2005). A review on natural fibre-based composites—Part II: Application of natural reinforcements in composite materials for automotive
industry. Journal of Natural Fibers, 1(3), 23–65.
Raghu, M., & Goud, G. (2019). Tribological properties of
calotropis procera natural fiber reinforced hybrid epoxy
composites. Paper presented at theApplied Mechanics and
Materials.
Raghu, M., & Goud, G. (2020). Effect of Water Absorption on Mechanical Properties of Calotropis Procera
Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites. Journal ofApplied
Agricultural Science and Technology, 4(1), 3–11.
Ramasamy, R., Obi Reddy, K., & Varada Rajulu, A. (2018).
Extraction and characterization of calotropis gigantea bast
fibers as novel reinforcement for composites materials.
Journal of Natural Fibers, 15(4), 527–538.
Rayne, S. (2008). The need for reducing plastic shopping bag use and disposal in Africa. African Journal of
Environmental Science and Technology, 2(3).
Rizal, S., Nakai, Y., Shiozawa, D., Khalil, H., Huzni, S.,
& Thalib, S. (2019). Evaluation of interfacial fracture
toughness and interfacial shear strength of Typha spp.
fiber/polymer composite by double shear test method.
Materials, 12(14), 2225.
Rubio-López, A., Olmedo, A., Díaz-Álvarez, A., & Santiuste, C. (2015). Manufacture of compression moulded
PLA based biocomposites:A parametric study. Composite
Structures, 131, 995–1000.
Santos, E. F., Mauler, R. S., & Nachtigall, S. M. (2009).
Effectiveness of maleated-and silanized-PP for coir fiberfilled composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and
composites, 28(17), 2119–2129.
Satyanarayana, K. G., Arizaga, G. G., & Wypych, F.
(2009). Biodegradable composites based on lignocellulosic fibers—An overview. Progress in polymer science,
34(9), 982–1021.
Sticklen, J., Kamel, A., Hawley, M., & Adegbite, V.
(1992). Fabricating composite materials-a comprehensive problem-solving architecture based on generic tasks.
IEEE Expert, 7(2), 43–53.
Thakur, V. K., Thakur, M. K., & Kessler, M. R. (2017). Handbook of composites from renewable materials, biodegradable materials (Vol. 5): John Wiley & Sons.
Thostenson, E., & Chou, T.-W. (1999). Microwave processing: fundamentals and applications. Composites Part A:
Applied Science and Manufacturing, 30(9), 1055–1071.
Valadez-Gonzalez, A., Cervantes-Uc, J., Olayo, R., &
Herrera-Franco, P. (1999). Effect of fiber surface treatment on the fiber–matrix bond strength of natural fiber
reinforced composites. Composites Part B: Engineering,
30(3), 309–320.
Yuanhui, Q., Fang, X., Longdi, C., Ruiyun, Z., Lifang,
L., Wenhong, F., …Jie, L. (2018). Evaluation on a
Promising Natural Cellulose FiberCalotropis Gigantea
Fiber. Trends Textile Eng Fashion Technol., 2(4). doi:
10.31031/TTEFT.2018.02.000543
Zhang, L., Sun, Z., Liang, D., Lin, J., & Xiao, W. (2017).
Preparation and Performance Evaluation of PLA/Coir
Fibre Biocomposites. 2017, 12(4), 14.
120
analytical success of this research.
REFERENCES
Ariadurai, S. (2013). Bio-Composites: Current Status and
Future Trends.
Bashir, N. H. (2013). Plastic problem in Africa. Japanese
Journal ofVeterinary Research, 61(Supplement), S1–S11.
dos Santos Rosa, D., & Lenz, D. M. (2013). Biocomposites: Influence of matrix nature and additives on the properties and biodegradation behaviour. Biodegradation–
Engineering and Technology; InTech: Rijeka, Croatia,
433–475.
Elsabbagh, A., Steuernagel, L., & Ring, J. (2017). Natural Fibre/PA6 composites with flame retardance properties: Extrusion and characterisation. Composites Part B:
Engineering, 108, 325–333.
Fuqua, M. A., Huo, S., & Ulven, C. A. (2012). Natural fiber
reinforced composites. Polymer Reviews, 52(3), 259–320.
Gassan, J., & Bledzki, A. K. (2001). Thermal degradation of
flax and jute fibers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science,
82(6), 1417–1422.
Gunatillake, P. A., & Adhikari, R. (2003). Biodegradable synthetic polymers for tissue engineering. Eur Cell Mater,
5(1), 1–16.
Harris, B. (1999). Engineering composite materials.
Huda, S., & Yang, Y. (2008). Chemically extracted cornhusk
fibers as reinforcement in light-weight poly(propylene)
composites. Macromol Mater Eng, 293, 235–243.
Imoisili, P. E., Tonye, D. I., Victor, P. A., & Elvis, O. A.
(2018). Effect of High-frequency Microwave Radiation on
the Mechanical Properties of Plantain (Musa paradisiaca)
Fibre/Epoxy Biocomposite. Journal of Physical Science,
29(3).
Kalia, S., Thakur, K., Celli, A., Kiechel, M. A., & Schauer, C.
L. (2013). Surface modification of plant fibers using environment friendly methods for their application in polymer
composites, textile industry and antimicrobial activities:A
review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering,
1(3), 97–112.
Li, X., Panigrahi, S., & Tabil, L. (2009). A study on
flax fiber-reinforced polyethylene biocomposites.Applied
Engineering in Agriculture, 25(4), 525–531.
Mohanty, A., Misra, M., & Drzal, L. (2002). Sustainable biocomposites from renewable resources: opportunities and
challenges in the green material world. J Polym Environ
1, 10, 9–26.
Mohanty, A., Misra, M. a., & Hinrichsen, G. (2000). Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: An
overview. Macromolecular materials and Engineering,
276(1), 1–24.
Muriira, N. G., Muchugi, A., Yu, A., Xu, J., & Liu, A. (2018).
Genetic Diversity Analysis Reveals Genetic Differentiation and Strong Population Structure in Calotropis Plants.
Scientific Reports, 8(1), 7832. doi: 10.1038/s41598-01826275-x
Ochi, S. (2008). Mechanical properties of kenaf fibers and
kenaf/PLA composites. Mechanics of Materials, 40, 446–
452. doi: 10.1016/j.mechmat.2007.10.006
Puglia, D., Biagiotti, J., & Kenny, J. (2005). A review on natural fibre-based composites—Part II: Application of natural reinforcements in composite materials for automotive
industry. Journal of Natural Fibers, 1(3), 23–65.
Raghu, M., & Goud, G. (2019). Tribological properties of
calotropis procera natural fiber reinforced hybrid epoxy
composites. Paper presented at theApplied Mechanics and
Materials.
Raghu, M., & Goud, G. (2020). Effect of Water Absorption on Mechanical Properties of Calotropis Procera
Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites. Journal ofApplied
Agricultural Science and Technology, 4(1), 3–11.
Ramasamy, R., Obi Reddy, K., & Varada Rajulu, A. (2018).
Extraction and characterization of calotropis gigantea bast
fibers as novel reinforcement for composites materials.
Journal of Natural Fibers, 15(4), 527–538.
Rayne, S. (2008). The need for reducing plastic shopping bag use and disposal in Africa. African Journal of
Environmental Science and Technology, 2(3).
Rizal, S., Nakai, Y., Shiozawa, D., Khalil, H., Huzni, S.,
& Thalib, S. (2019). Evaluation of interfacial fracture
toughness and interfacial shear strength of Typha spp.
fiber/polymer composite by double shear test method.
Materials, 12(14), 2225.
Rubio-López, A., Olmedo, A., Díaz-Álvarez, A., & Santiuste, C. (2015). Manufacture of compression moulded
PLA based biocomposites:A parametric study. Composite
Structures, 131, 995–1000.
Santos, E. F., Mauler, R. S., & Nachtigall, S. M. (2009).
Effectiveness of maleated-and silanized-PP for coir fiberfilled composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and
composites, 28(17), 2119–2129.
Satyanarayana, K. G., Arizaga, G. G., & Wypych, F.
(2009). Biodegradable composites based on lignocellulosic fibers—An overview. Progress in polymer science,
34(9), 982–1021.
Sticklen, J., Kamel, A., Hawley, M., & Adegbite, V.
(1992). Fabricating composite materials-a comprehensive problem-solving architecture based on generic tasks.
IEEE Expert, 7(2), 43–53.
Thakur, V. K., Thakur, M. K., & Kessler, M. R. (2017). Handbook of composites from renewable materials, biodegradable materials (Vol. 5): John Wiley & Sons.
Thostenson, E., & Chou, T.-W. (1999). Microwave processing: fundamentals and applications. Composites Part A:
Applied Science and Manufacturing, 30(9), 1055–1071.
Valadez-Gonzalez, A., Cervantes-Uc, J., Olayo, R., &
Herrera-Franco, P. (1999). Effect of fiber surface treatment on the fiber–matrix bond strength of natural fiber
reinforced composites. Composites Part B: Engineering,
30(3), 309–320.
Yuanhui, Q., Fang, X., Longdi, C., Ruiyun, Z., Lifang,
L., Wenhong, F., …Jie, L. (2018). Evaluation on a
Promising Natural Cellulose FiberCalotropis Gigantea
Fiber. Trends Textile Eng Fashion Technol., 2(4). doi:
10.31031/TTEFT.2018.02.000543
Zhang, L., Sun, Z., Liang, D., Lin, J., & Xiao, W. (2017).
Preparation and Performance Evaluation of PLA/Coir
Fibre Biocomposites. 2017, 12(4), 14.
120