159
TABLE 9.2
Summary of Toxic Effects of TFA on Organisms
No Observed Effects
50% Effect
Species
Type of Organism
(NOEL or NOEC)
(TD
50 or EC
50 )
Reference
Animals:
Mice
Mammal
5,000 mg/kg
Blake et al. (1969)
Rats
Mammal
237 mg/kg
Fraser and Kaminsky (1988)
Danio rerio
Fish
1,200 mg/L
>1,200 mg/L
Berends et al. (1999)
Daphnia magna
Aquatic invertebrate
1,200 mg/L
> 1,200 mg/L
Berends et al. (1999)
Aquatic Plants and Algae:
Lemna gibba
Aquatic macrophyte
300 mg/L
1,100 mg/L
Berends et al. (1999)
Lemna gibba
Aquatic macrophyte
618.3–>3,000 mg/L
Hanson and Solomon (2004)
Myriophyllum spicatum
Aquatic macrophyte
312.9–>10,000 mg/L
Hanson and Solomon (2004)
Myriophyllum sibiricum
Aquatic macrophyte
340.7 to
>10,000 mg/L
Hanson and Solomon (2004)
Selenastrum capricornutum
Green alga
0.12 and
<0.36 mg/L
>1.2 and 4.8 mg/L
Berends et al. (1999)
Chlorella vulgaris
Green alga
1,200 mg/L
>1,200 mg/L
Berends et al. (1999)
Scenedesmus subspicatus
Green alga
>120 mg/L
Berends et al. (1999)
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Green alga
120 mg/L
>120 mg/L
Berends et al. (1999)
Dunaliella tertiolecta
Green alga
<124 mg/L
>125 mg/L
Berends et al. (1999)
Euglena gracilis
Green alga
112 mg/L
>112 mg/L
Berends et al. (1999)
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Diatom
117 mg/L
>117 mg/L
Berends et al. (1999)
Navicula pelliculosa
Diatom
600 mg/L
1,200 mg/L
Berends et al. (1999)
Skeletonema costatum
Diatom
2,400 mg/L
>2,400 mg/L
Berends et al. (1999)
Anabaena fos-aquae
Blue-green alga
600 mg/L
2,400 mg/L
Berends et al. (1999)
Microcystis aeruginosa
Blue-green alga
117 mg/L
>117 mg/L
Berends et al. (1999)
Average NOEC for aquatic plants and algae
520 mg/L f
(Continued)
Trifuoroacetic Acid from CFC Replacements