175
FES to Evaluate Food Quality
development (Bloksma et al., 2007; Lammerts van Bueren and Hospers, 1991), they are forced into
a specifc growth-related development.
In all investigations with FES, the relative emission after blue excitation and yellow excitation seems
to be important in evaluating the sample’s quality and metabolic state. Yet it is not just expressing a
metabolism which is related either to more differentiation (indicated by secondary metabolites) or to
more growth (indicated by primary metabolites). It also has to be interpreted in relation to the type of
sample and its biologically predefned physiology. A leaf is most leaf-like when it enhances the carbon
metabolism of the plant by photosynthesis, when it expresses life processes. Fruits are most fruit-like
when they are ripening and store sugar and polyphenols – also products of life processes. In these cases,
high emissions after excitation with red or yellow can be observed, and high ratios of yellow-by-blue
are characteristic. The opposite is found for seeds: their emission after red or yellow excitation declines
with ripening – so for seeds, a high emission indicates a metabolism which is not seed-like – it is
growth-like or life-like, but not dormant, as a seed should be when it is in its typical state. So with FES,
the typical expression of a plant’s organ may be evaluated in terms of its state of expressing its own,
naturally desired condition, its metabolic state, seen as the operating processes of life.
On the basis of this ability of the FES to tell us something about the plant’s life processes, it may
in the future be used not only to differentiate between farming systems, but also to help farmers or
scientists to decide which farming practice is helpful in obtaining the best quality product, or which
breeding line offers the most product-typical opportunities.
REFERENCES
Askaripoor, T., Motamedzadeh, M., Golmohammadi, R., Farhadian, M., Babamiri, M. and Samavati, M.
(2018) Non-image forming effects of light on brainwaves, autonomic nervous activity, fatigue, and performance. J Circadian Rhythms 16:1–13.
Bauer, M., Glenn, T., Monteith, S., Gottlieb, J.F., Ritter, P.S., Geddes, J. and Whybrow, P.C. (2018) The potential infuence of LED lighting on mental illness. World J Biol Psychiatry 19:59–73.
Bigot, C., Métivier, R., Montet, D. and Meile, J.-Chr. (2018) Traceability and authentication of organic foodstuffs, Chapter 6. In: Montet, D. and Ray, R.C. (eds), Food Traceability and Authenticity: Analytical
Techniques, pp. 116–136. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis.
Bloksma, J., Northolt, M. and Huber, M. (2001) Parameters for Apple Quality: Part 2-Annexes. Driebergen:
Louis Bolk Instituut.
Bloksma, J., Huber, M., Northolt, M., van der Burgt, G.J. and Adriaansen-Tennekens, R. (2003). The Inner
Quality Concept for food, Based on Life Processes. Driebergen: Louis Bolk Instituut. http://orgprints.
org/4894/.
Bloksma, J., Northolt, M., Huber, M., Jansonius, P. and Zanen, M. (2004). Parameters for Apple Quality – 2,
and the Development of the ‘Inner Quality Concept’ 2001–2003. Driebergen: Louis Bolk Instituut.
http://orgprints.org/4266/.
Bloksma, J., Notholt, M., Huber, M., van der Burgt, G.-J. and van de Vijver, L. (2007) A new food quality concept based on life processes. In Cooper, J., Leifert, C. and Niggli, U. (eds), Handbook of Organic Food
Safety and Quality. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing. http://www.louisbolk.org/downloads/1910.pdf.
De Lange, E.S., Kyryczenko-Roth, V., Johnson-Cicalese, J., Davenport, J., Vorsa, N. and Rodriguez-Saona,
C. (2019) Increased nutrient availability decreases insect resistance in cranberry. Agric Forest Entomol
21: 326–335.
Doesburg, P., Huber, M., Andersen, J.O., et al. (2014) Standardization and performance of a visual Gestalt
evaluation of biocrystallization patterns refecting ripening and decomposition processes in food samples. Biol Agric Hort 31:128–145.
Döring, T.F., Pautasso, M., Finckh, M.R. and Wolfe, M.S. (2012) Concepts of plant health: Reviewing and
challenging the foundations of plant protection. Plant Pathol 61:1–15.
Döring, T.F., Vieweger, A., Pautasso, M., Vaarst, M., Finckh, M.R. and Wolfe, M.S. (2015) Resilience as a
universal criterion of health. Sci Food Agric 95:455–65.
Egerer, U. (2009) Feldstudie zur Eignung der Biophotonenmessung für die Differenzierung von ökologisch
und konventionell erzeugten Hühnereiern [Field Study on the Suitability of the Biophoton Measurement
for the Differentiation of Organically and Conventionally Produced Chicken Eggs]. PhD dissertation,
University of Hohenheim. http://opus.ub.uni-hohenheim.de/volltexte/2009/404/.
FES to Evaluate Food Quality
development (Bloksma et al., 2007; Lammerts van Bueren and Hospers, 1991), they are forced into
a specifc growth-related development.
In all investigations with FES, the relative emission after blue excitation and yellow excitation seems
to be important in evaluating the sample’s quality and metabolic state. Yet it is not just expressing a
metabolism which is related either to more differentiation (indicated by secondary metabolites) or to
more growth (indicated by primary metabolites). It also has to be interpreted in relation to the type of
sample and its biologically predefned physiology. A leaf is most leaf-like when it enhances the carbon
metabolism of the plant by photosynthesis, when it expresses life processes. Fruits are most fruit-like
when they are ripening and store sugar and polyphenols – also products of life processes. In these cases,
high emissions after excitation with red or yellow can be observed, and high ratios of yellow-by-blue
are characteristic. The opposite is found for seeds: their emission after red or yellow excitation declines
with ripening – so for seeds, a high emission indicates a metabolism which is not seed-like – it is
growth-like or life-like, but not dormant, as a seed should be when it is in its typical state. So with FES,
the typical expression of a plant’s organ may be evaluated in terms of its state of expressing its own,
naturally desired condition, its metabolic state, seen as the operating processes of life.
On the basis of this ability of the FES to tell us something about the plant’s life processes, it may
in the future be used not only to differentiate between farming systems, but also to help farmers or
scientists to decide which farming practice is helpful in obtaining the best quality product, or which
breeding line offers the most product-typical opportunities.
REFERENCES
Askaripoor, T., Motamedzadeh, M., Golmohammadi, R., Farhadian, M., Babamiri, M. and Samavati, M.
(2018) Non-image forming effects of light on brainwaves, autonomic nervous activity, fatigue, and performance. J Circadian Rhythms 16:1–13.
Bauer, M., Glenn, T., Monteith, S., Gottlieb, J.F., Ritter, P.S., Geddes, J. and Whybrow, P.C. (2018) The potential infuence of LED lighting on mental illness. World J Biol Psychiatry 19:59–73.
Bigot, C., Métivier, R., Montet, D. and Meile, J.-Chr. (2018) Traceability and authentication of organic foodstuffs, Chapter 6. In: Montet, D. and Ray, R.C. (eds), Food Traceability and Authenticity: Analytical
Techniques, pp. 116–136. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis.
Bloksma, J., Northolt, M. and Huber, M. (2001) Parameters for Apple Quality: Part 2-Annexes. Driebergen:
Louis Bolk Instituut.
Bloksma, J., Huber, M., Northolt, M., van der Burgt, G.J. and Adriaansen-Tennekens, R. (2003). The Inner
Quality Concept for food, Based on Life Processes. Driebergen: Louis Bolk Instituut. http://orgprints.
org/4894/.
Bloksma, J., Northolt, M., Huber, M., Jansonius, P. and Zanen, M. (2004). Parameters for Apple Quality – 2,
and the Development of the ‘Inner Quality Concept’ 2001–2003. Driebergen: Louis Bolk Instituut.
http://orgprints.org/4266/.
Bloksma, J., Notholt, M., Huber, M., van der Burgt, G.-J. and van de Vijver, L. (2007) A new food quality concept based on life processes. In Cooper, J., Leifert, C. and Niggli, U. (eds), Handbook of Organic Food
Safety and Quality. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing. http://www.louisbolk.org/downloads/1910.pdf.
De Lange, E.S., Kyryczenko-Roth, V., Johnson-Cicalese, J., Davenport, J., Vorsa, N. and Rodriguez-Saona,
C. (2019) Increased nutrient availability decreases insect resistance in cranberry. Agric Forest Entomol
21: 326–335.
Doesburg, P., Huber, M., Andersen, J.O., et al. (2014) Standardization and performance of a visual Gestalt
evaluation of biocrystallization patterns refecting ripening and decomposition processes in food samples. Biol Agric Hort 31:128–145.
Döring, T.F., Pautasso, M., Finckh, M.R. and Wolfe, M.S. (2012) Concepts of plant health: Reviewing and
challenging the foundations of plant protection. Plant Pathol 61:1–15.
Döring, T.F., Vieweger, A., Pautasso, M., Vaarst, M., Finckh, M.R. and Wolfe, M.S. (2015) Resilience as a
universal criterion of health. Sci Food Agric 95:455–65.
Egerer, U. (2009) Feldstudie zur Eignung der Biophotonenmessung für die Differenzierung von ökologisch
und konventionell erzeugten Hühnereiern [Field Study on the Suitability of the Biophoton Measurement
for the Differentiation of Organically and Conventionally Produced Chicken Eggs]. PhD dissertation,
University of Hohenheim. http://opus.ub.uni-hohenheim.de/volltexte/2009/404/.