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List of Figures
FIGURE 12.2 Resistance–capacitance (RC) circuits according to the revised model: (a,c)
diagrams of barley plants with fve root tips, (b,d) electrical equivalent
networks of the root systems showing the location of the RC components,
(a,b) RC circuits for a completely submerged root system and (c,d) RC
circuits for a partly submerged root system. The sub-circuit that largely
determines the capacitance is ringed to emphasise its importance.
Note that the individual RC components can have different values. .................. 136
FIGURE 12.3 Correlation between gram dry root weight per plant (X-axis) and phase
angle (Y-axis)....................................................................................................... 137
FIGURE 12.4 Simple LCR meter (a) and voltmeter (b) used for measurements of
cucumber plants in pots. (c) The grounding probe and (d) a crocodile
clamp on a needle inserted into the stem at the plant base. ................................ 137
FIGURE 13.1 Levels of coherence/similarities to help select what needs to be healed.
(Adapted from Manzalini and Galeazzi, 2019) ................................................... 149
FIGURE 14.1 Percentage of vegetative bud breaks in mulberry, variety Acorazonada,
produced by the effect of two laser treatments (10 and 20 seconds) plus
the control (graph a), assessed at 15 and 30 days from the initiation of
treatments (graph b), and the combination of the two (graph c). Different
letters indicate signifcant differences at p < 0.05 using Tukey’s test. ................. 159
FIGURE 14.2 Percentage of vegetative bud break in sugarcane, variety C90-469,
produced by the effect of two laser treatments (10 and 20 seconds) plus
the control (graph a), assessed at 15 and 30 days from the initiation of
treatments (graph b), and the combination of the two (graph c). Different
letters indicate signifcant differences at p< 0.05 using Tukey’s test. ................. 159
FIGURE 14.3 Histological cross section. (a) Mulberry root, Acorazonada variety, with
laser application for 10 seconds in conditions of excess water; (b) mulberry
root, Acorazonada variety, with no application of laser rays in conditions
of excess water; (c) sugarcane root, variety C90-469, with laser application
for 10 seconds in conditions of excess water; and (d) sugarcane root, variety
C90-469, with no application of laser rays in conditions of excess water........... 161
FIGURE 15.1 Schematic overview of the FES measuring apparatus with 90° position
between excitation illumination and emission detection by photomultipliers.
The time sequence between excitation and emission is regulated by shutters. ... 169
FIGURE 15.2 Schematic illustration of the excitation and measuring interval and a
characteristic declining curve of the delayed emission. Mw1 indicates
the short-time emission, and R40 indicates the long-term emission................... 169
FIGURE 15.3 Differences between the wheat samples collected over 6 (O2 and K2) and
8 years (D2 and M), on the basis of mean values per year and farming
system (standardised by year of harvest). Whiskers indicate standard
error of the mean. D2 = biodynamic; O2 = organic; K2 = conventional
(manure + mineral); M = mineral fertilisation only. ............................................. 170
FIGURE 15.4 R40yellow/blue of whole apples and their seeds at different maturation
stages. Whiskers indicate standard error of the mean. An increasing
divergence of the induced emission of whole apples and their kernels
during maturation was observed, these being indicated on the fgure
by the crossing of the lines. ................................................................................. 171