xiii
List of Figures
FIGURE 1.1 The conceptual frameworks of ( a) industrial, ( b) agroecological and
( c) holistic farming. ................................................................................................ 12
FIGURE 2.1
The three worlds in indigenous sciences and their interactions. ...........................26
FIGURE 2.2 Creating an enabling environment for endogenous development.
( Source: Haverkort et al., 2003: 250.) ....................................................................28
FIGURE 2.3 Ritual in a rice field in Sri Lanka. ( Photo credit: author’s own.) ..........................28
FIGURE 2.4 Agnihotra ceremony, India. ( Photo credit: author’s own.) .................................... 29
FIGURE 2.5 Pacha Mama ritual in the Andes. ( Photo credit: author’s own.) ........................... 30
FIGURE 2.6
Ceremony to seek ancestral support in Zimbabwe. ( Photo credit: author’s own.) ... 30
FIGURE 2.7
Consultation with the ancestors prior to adopting a new technology, Ghana.
( Photo credit: author’s own.) ................................................................................. 31
FIGURE 2.8
Group of farmers burying cow horns, Staffordshire, UK. ( Photo credit:
Alysoun Barrett Bolger.)........................................................................................ 31
FIGURE 2.9 Scenario 1: marginalisation: suppression, substitution and selective inclusion. ... 34
FIGURE 2.10 Scenario 2: complementarity and co-evolution of different sciences. ................... 35
FIGURE 10.1 ( a) Evolution of Esca-related mortality rate before and after genodic use.
( b) Esca-related mortality rate before and after genodic use. .............................. 115
FIGURE 10.2 Evolution of the Esca mortality rate compared to the average historical
mortality rate ( N = 91 plots), 1,209,020 vine stocks on 260 ha total, CI 99%. ..... 116
FIGURE 10.3 ( a–e) Comparison of the evolution of Esca with and without genodic
treatment. ............................................................................................................ 117
FIGURE 10.4 Number of mildew blotches on grapes, on each plot of five vines, as a
function of the distance from the broadcasting device. ...................................... 118
FIGURE 10.5 ( a) Change in percentage of second-grade endives as a function of duration
of exposure. ( b) Evolution of endive yield as a function of exposure time. ........ 118
FIGURE 10.6 Virus expression as a function of distance from the delivery device
( where compliant signifies healthy). .................................................................... 119
FIGURE 11.1 Fresh mass of roots and leaves ( kg, Y-axis) for the different dates of sowing
( X-axis) in 2005. .................................................................................................. 127
FIGURE 11.2 The per cent deviation from the trend line of the fresh root and leaf
mass and dry mass of roots ( Y-axis) for the different sowing dates ( X-axis)
in 2005. ................................................................................................................ 127
FIGURE 11.3 The per cent deviation from the trend line of the fresh mass of roots and
leaves and dry mass of roots ( Y-axis) for the different sowing dates ( X-axis)
in 2006. ................................................................................................................ 128
FIGURE 12.1 Phase angle: alternating current ( red line) lags 90° behind alternating
voltage ( blue line). ............................................................................................... 133
List of Figures
FIGURE 1.1 The conceptual frameworks of ( a) industrial, ( b) agroecological and
( c) holistic farming. ................................................................................................ 12
FIGURE 2.1
The three worlds in indigenous sciences and their interactions. ...........................26
FIGURE 2.2 Creating an enabling environment for endogenous development.
( Source: Haverkort et al., 2003: 250.) ....................................................................28
FIGURE 2.3 Ritual in a rice field in Sri Lanka. ( Photo credit: author’s own.) ..........................28
FIGURE 2.4 Agnihotra ceremony, India. ( Photo credit: author’s own.) .................................... 29
FIGURE 2.5 Pacha Mama ritual in the Andes. ( Photo credit: author’s own.) ........................... 30
FIGURE 2.6
Ceremony to seek ancestral support in Zimbabwe. ( Photo credit: author’s own.) ... 30
FIGURE 2.7
Consultation with the ancestors prior to adopting a new technology, Ghana.
( Photo credit: author’s own.) ................................................................................. 31
FIGURE 2.8
Group of farmers burying cow horns, Staffordshire, UK. ( Photo credit:
Alysoun Barrett Bolger.)........................................................................................ 31
FIGURE 2.9 Scenario 1: marginalisation: suppression, substitution and selective inclusion. ... 34
FIGURE 2.10 Scenario 2: complementarity and co-evolution of different sciences. ................... 35
FIGURE 10.1 ( a) Evolution of Esca-related mortality rate before and after genodic use.
( b) Esca-related mortality rate before and after genodic use. .............................. 115
FIGURE 10.2 Evolution of the Esca mortality rate compared to the average historical
mortality rate ( N = 91 plots), 1,209,020 vine stocks on 260 ha total, CI 99%. ..... 116
FIGURE 10.3 ( a–e) Comparison of the evolution of Esca with and without genodic
treatment. ............................................................................................................ 117
FIGURE 10.4 Number of mildew blotches on grapes, on each plot of five vines, as a
function of the distance from the broadcasting device. ...................................... 118
FIGURE 10.5 ( a) Change in percentage of second-grade endives as a function of duration
of exposure. ( b) Evolution of endive yield as a function of exposure time. ........ 118
FIGURE 10.6 Virus expression as a function of distance from the delivery device
( where compliant signifies healthy). .................................................................... 119
FIGURE 11.1 Fresh mass of roots and leaves ( kg, Y-axis) for the different dates of sowing
( X-axis) in 2005. .................................................................................................. 127
FIGURE 11.2 The per cent deviation from the trend line of the fresh root and leaf
mass and dry mass of roots ( Y-axis) for the different sowing dates ( X-axis)
in 2005. ................................................................................................................ 127
FIGURE 11.3 The per cent deviation from the trend line of the fresh mass of roots and
leaves and dry mass of roots ( Y-axis) for the different sowing dates ( X-axis)
in 2006. ................................................................................................................ 128
FIGURE 12.1 Phase angle: alternating current ( red line) lags 90° behind alternating
voltage ( blue line). ............................................................................................... 133